C6I- INDUSTRIES-NOTES

INDUSTRIES

1. A. State the need for industrialization in India. Mention four features.
* To reduce dependence on the other countries and become self-sufficient.
* to maintain the balance of trade.
* to solve the problem of unemployment .
* to accelerate the economic growth.

2. Tree plantation is essential in and around Heavy Industrial areas. Why?
Trees help in the reduction of pollution. Therefore tree plantation is essential in and around Heavy Industrial areas.

3. What do you mean by industry? Name any three human factors responsible for the location of industry.
Any economic activity concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services is called industry.

HUMAN FACTORS:-
Ø CAPITAL – Big cities like Mumbai, Kolkotta, Delhi, Chennai are big industrial centres because the big capitalists live in these cities.
Ø GOVERNMENT POLICIES:- For balanced economic development, government encourages industries in backward areas by granting subsidies, tax concessions, loans, cheap land and electricity, etc.
Ø MARKET – The entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished goods reach the market. Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods. It helps in reducing the transport.
OTHER FACTORS:
§ AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIALS: Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials of small value tend to be located near the source of raw material. It is because, raw material whichis weight loosing, if transported from a distance will increase the cost of the final product. That is why, cement industry, sugar industry, and iron smelting industry are attracted towards the sources of raw materials.
§ POWER RESORUCES: To run the machinery, fuel is must. Coal is the cheapest source of power but it is bulky and involves high transport costs. Those industries which use large quantities of coal are generally are found near the coal mines.
§ LABOUR SUPPLIES: Each industry requires a particular type of cheap but adequate supply of labour. Industries which require highly skilled labour are attracted towards urban centres. Therefore, the industries tend to locate in urban areas where skilled and unskilled labour is available.
§ TRANSPORT: Cheap and efficient means of transport are essential for carrying raw materials and labour to the factory and finished products to the market. That is why, industries tend to locate near the railway junctions, or high ways. Ports also developed as industrial centres due to the faciltity of import and export at cheaper costs.
§ MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS: Finance, momentum of early start, climate, and personal preferences, etc, are some of the other factors which also affect the localization of industry.
4. Give two reasons to explain why there is a need for a rapid industrialization in India.
Removal of poverty and unemployment:- At present, population of India has crossed 100 crore. It is also increasing rapidly. There is urgent need for industrialization because India is facing problems of unemployment and poverty. Agriculture alone cannot provide employment to this burgeoning population. These problems can be removed by industrialization.
Balance regional development: In India, some regions are highly developed whereas some are backward. Industry can help in balance regional development.
Industrialisation is need to increase per capita income. This will enhance the living standards of the people.
Even development of agricultural sector incomplete without industrial development because a large number of industries use raw materials provided by agriculture.
Industrial development has become an indicator to gauge the strength of a nation. If India has to emerge stronger, it must go for rapid industrialization.
With Pakistan and China around, India must have stronger defence forces. Military power cannot be gained without industrialization.

5. With the help of examples differentiate between basic and consumer industries.

BASIC
CONSUMER
1.
It is the industry on which other industries depend.
The industry which produces goods primarily for the direct consumption by the people is called consumer industries.
2.
Iron and Steel industries are the major basic industries.
Automobile industry , textile industry are the main consumer industries.

6. State the importance of the Heavy Engineering Industries in the industrial development of India. Mention two main requirements of Heavy Engineering Industries. Name two Heavy Engineering industrial units in India.
IMPORTNCE OF HEAVY ENGINERING IN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT:
* It contributes substantially to the manufacturing of industrial machines, machine tools, transmission, telecommunication equipments, etc.
*At present engineering, industrial sector is contributing nearly 31.2 percent of total industrial output.
* The employment in the engineering industry is nearly 28 percent of the total industrial employment in the country.

REQUIREMENTS:
· Heavy Engineering industries needs heavy investment.
· It needs research and development facilities.
TWO HEAVY ENGINEERING INDUTRIAL UNITS –
a. The Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT)
b. The Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW)
7. What are the three chief ingredients of modern industry?
Availability of raw material, large capital and qualified skilled labour are the three chief ingredients of modern industry.

8. ‘Mineral industry has remained under developed in India.’
Mineral industry has remained underdeveloped in India for the following reasons:
ü SHORTAGE OF CAPITAL – Mineral industry needs huge investment but there is shortage of capital in India.
ü LACK OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY- Mineral industry needs modern technology but due to lack of research and development, latest technology has not been developed in India.
ü DOMINATION OF PUBLIC SECTOR – Most of the mineral industry is under public sector which has failed to change according to the needs of the company.
9. What are mineral based industries? Give example.
Mineral based industries are those industries which use minerals as the basic raw material. Iron and Steel, engineering and electronics are the major mineral based industries of India.

10. Distinguish between agro based industry and mineral based industry.

AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES
MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES
1.
These industries derive raw material from agriculture.
These industries derive their raw materials from minerals.
2.
They mostly produce consumer goods.
These industries produce both consumer and value based goods.
3.
Example:- sugar, jute, textile, vegetable oil
Example:- Iron and Steel, engineering, ship building, machine tools
11. What do you mean by manufacturing industries? What is the importance of manufacturing industry for the Indian economy?
Those economic activities which are engaged in the processing and altering of raw materials and semi-finished products into finished products are known as manufacturing industries.
EMPLOYMENT - Manufacturing industry is main source of employment for large number of skilled as well as unskilled workers.
FOREIGN EXCHANGE – Export of manufactured goods bring foreign exchange to India.
DAILY NEEDS – Manufacturing industry produces products of daily needs and helps the common people to fulfil their basic needs.
12. Explain why there is industrial concentration in Bihar, West Bengal,and Orissa?
The areaof concentration of industries spread over the three states of Bihar, West Bengal, and Orissa known as Chhota Nagpur plateau or Damodar valley belt which abounds in various minerals. So, availability of raw material, cheap labour and a dense network of roads and railways attract the industries for lower economic costs.

13.. Write four advantages of decentralization of industries in India.
Decentralisation of industries in India has the following advantages:
· Employment opportunities are created in every region of the country.
· Equitable distribution of national income is made possible.
· it removes regional disparities in the industrialization of the country.
· There is a check upon the concentration of population in certain parts of the country.

14. What is NTPC? What are its objectives? When was it incorporated?
NTPC stands for National Thermal Power Corporation. Its headquarter is at New Delhi.
Its objectives are:
* Formation of a national power grid
* Planning for construction of thermal power projects.
It was incorporated in in 1975.

15. What is a small scale industry? Mention one major problem of small scale industries.
An industrial unit which has an investment of not more than Rs. 7.5 lakh, irrespective of number of workers employed , is known as a small scale industry.
The productivity is low and uneconomical due to outdated machinery and mills.
Small scale industry is facing a tough competition from large scale industry.
There is a shortage of inputs like raw material, power, capital, etc.
16. Discuss some of the features of small scale industries.
ü Small scale industries have given employment to more than 3 crore people. Thus it has an important place in the Indian economy.
ü Goods produced by the small scale industries are sold in local as well as in foreign markets.
ü These units are generally located near towns. Work is done with simple tools and equipments.
ü Products of small scale industries include agricultural implements, sewing machines, bicycles, soaps, electric fans, foot wear , handloom weaving tools, etc.
17. Why are small scale industries more suitable for Indian economy than large scale?
v They require less capital.
v They can be set up anywhere and thus provide employment opportunities.
18. What do you understand by village and cottage industries? Give example.
Cottage industries are also called Household Industries. They are carried on by craftsmen in their own houses with the help of family members and apprentices (persons who want to learn the craft). They are mainly concentrated in the villages. Wood and stone carving, basket making, toy making, handloom, pottery, carpentry, rope making, smith, painting, etc, are the examples of cottage industries. Some of these occupations are hereditary in nature. They produce goods mainly for the local market.
19. What are the salient features of the cottage industries in India?
§ In technique and product cottage industries in India are traditional.
§ Cottage industries depend on raw materials available locally.
§ Units are established in the huts, cottages or houses of the producers.
§ Labour is not hired in these industries; rather work is done by the members of the family.
§ Cottage industries provide subsidiary occupation with agriculture or animal husbandry.
20. How do the cottage industries play an important role in the Indian economy?
§ Cottage industries provide jobs to millions of people. Thus, these industries create not only creates jobs for people, but also check their migration to urban areas.
§ These industries can be started with low investment. Thus, these units help in earning additional income.
§ Use of local raw material in these industries helps in the optimum utilization of national resources.
§ Their products earn a lot of foreign exchange for the country.
§ These industries generate seasonal as well as perennial employment for labour.
Thus cottage industries play significant role in our national economy.
21. What are large scale industries? Give two examples.
Industries employing a large number of skilled as well as unskilled workers and investing huge capital for the purchase of raw materials, machinery and other expenditures are called large scale industries. Iron and Steel, cotton textiles are the examples of large scale industries.

22. Classify industries on the basis of ownership.
i. Public Sector Industires
ii. Private Sector Industries
iii. Joint Sector Industries
iv. Co-operative Sector Industies

23. Differentiate between public sector industries and private sector industries.
Public sector industries are owned and controlled by the government or its agency. Railways, post and telegraphs are public sector industries.
Private sector industries are those which are owned and controlled by private houses or individuals. For example, the Birla Jute Mills is a private sector industry.

24. Differentiate between light industry and heavy industry?
§ Light industries require less capital and less number of workers than in heavy industries.
§ Light industries produce goods which are light in weight whereas heavy industries produce capital goods which are quite bulky.
§ Examples of light industry – Watch making, pen making, sewing machine making, radio and television. Examples for heavy industry – iron and steel industry, sugar industry, cement industry.

AGRO BASED INDUSTRY
1. What is agro-based industry? Give two examples.
The industry which gets its raw material from agriculture is known as agro-based industry.
Eg. Sugar and cotton textile, vegetable oil are examples of agro-based industries.

2. Why there is need to develop agro-industry in India?
o There is abundance supply of raw material.
o Demand for agro-products is also very high.
o It will provide employment.

3. Name any three agro based industries of India. Also mention the main state in which the industry mentioned by you is located.
ü SUGAR INDUSTRY – Uttar Pradesh
ü JUTE INDUSTRY – West Bengal
ü COTTON TEXTILE – Maharashtra

4. Mention any three physical factors responsible for the location of agro based industry.
o RAW MATERIAL – The location or industrial enterprises is sometimes determined simply by location of the raw materials. The jute mills in West Bengal are concentrated close to the sources of raw materials.
o POWER – Regular supply of power is a pre-requisite for the localization of industries. Most of the industries tend to concentrate at the source of power.
o LABOUR – Labour is a major input in agro based industries. So it should concentrate in densely populated areas.
o CLIMATE – Climate plays an important role in the establishment of industries at a place. Cotton textile industry requires humid climate. Consequently, majority of cotton textile mills are concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
o MARKET – The entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished goods reach the market. Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods and for purchasing raw material. Nearness to market reduces the cost of transportation.
5. Mention two ways in which the agro-based industries have affected the economy of India.
· Agro based industries increase the demand and efficiency of the agricultural products.
· It provides employment to large section of the society.
·
6. What do you understand by the term industry? Explain how agriculture and industry go hand in hand.
Industry is the unit which enhances the value of the raw materials through the manufacturing process. Agriculture provides raw materials like cotton, jute, sugarcane, etc. for agro-based industries.
Industry supplies agricultural machinery and equipment like tractors, pump sets, fertlilzers, pesticides and other inputs needed for agriculture. Means of transport like trucks, trains, etc are also provided by the industry to agriculture. Thus agriculture and industry are interdependent.
SUGAR INDUSTRY
1. Mention two factors that affect the location of the Sugar Industry. Name two states in India where there is a concentration of this industry.
* RAW MATERIAL – Sugar industry is based on sugarcane which is a heavy, weight losing and perishable raw material. Sugarcane cannot be stored for a long as the loss of sucrose is inevitable. So the industry should be near the raw material.
· LABOUR – Industry need cheap, skilled as well as unskilled labour. So the industry is found in densely populated regions.

Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are the two states where there is a concentration of sugar industry.

2. Why most of the sugar mills are concentrated near the sugarcane fields?
Sugar mills are concentrated near the sugarcane fields because:
* The raw material is very heavy.
* The raw material is perishable.
3. Name three by-products of the Sugar industry. Give one important use of each.
Important by products of sugar industry :
v MOLASSES – It is dark brown syrup like liquid which is left after the recrystalization of sugar. It is used as organic fertilizers, cattle feed, fuel for mills and as raw material in the manufacturing of paper, fibre-board and synthetic fibres etc.
v BAGASSE – It is crushed sugarcane after the juice has been extracted. It is used as organic fertilizer, cattle feed, fuel for mils and as raw material in the manufacturing of paper , fibre-board and synthetic fibres in textile industry.
v PRESS MUD – It is used for making shoe polish, carbon paper and wax.

4. Why is sugar industry located in Uttar Pradesh? Give three reasons.
Uttar Pradesh leads in the production of sugar. The reasons are:
· RAW MATERIAL – Uttar Pradesh is the home of sugarcane because it has a fertile soil, with tropical climate, more than 100 cm rainfall , bright sunshine and irrigation facilities i.e. all the facilities essential for the growth of sugarcane.
· SUITABLE CLIMATE – Sugarcane is a tropical crop and grows well in this part of India.
· POWER: Electric power for running the mills is available in abundance.
· LABOUR – Cheap labour is locally available in Uttar Pradesh.
· EXTENSIVE AREA – Extensive area is put under the cultivation of sugarcane crop.

5. The sugar industry is now shifting from North to South. Give three reasons.
The sugar industry is now shifting from North to South because of the following reasons-
The sugar contents in the cane are higher. i.e. 10.5% in Maharashtra and other southern states.
South has better export facilities as compared to North.
Climate is also suitable for the cultivation of sugarcane.
6. Mention two problems faced by the Sugar industry in India.
· The sugarcane is of low quality with low sugar content.
· Proper transportation facilities are not available.
7. What is co-operative industry? Give one example.
Cooperative industries are organized by a group of people who are also the producer of raw material.
For example, sugar industry.
8. Name the leading agro-based industry in India?
Sugar Industry.


TEXTILE INDUUSTRY
1. Mention any two factors responsible for decentralization of cotton textile mills in India.
Two important factors that are responsible for decentralization of cotton textile mills in India are :-
§ Availability of raw material.
§ High demand of cotton textile throughout India.

2. The largest proportion of workers is found in the textile industry’. Justify by giving three reasons.
The largest proportion of workers is found in the textile industry’ because:
* It is spread all over the country.
* It is labour intensive.
* Demand is found all over India.

3. “Cotton textile industry is distributed all over the country while iron and steel industry is
confined to Peninusular India.” Give three reasons.
RAW MATERIAL: The main input of cotton textile industry is cotton. Cotton is easily available in most of the states. Though Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana are the leading producers but it is produced in many other states. The main input of iron and steel industry is iron which is available in Peninsular India only.
LIGHT RAW MATERIAL AND FINISHED PRODUCTS: Raw material and finished products of cotton textile are light so the cost of transportation is less whereas raw material and finished products of iron and steel industry are heavy so the cost of transportation is high.
MARKET – Market of cotton textile is very wide because products of cotton textile are demanded throughout the country. Market of iron and steel plants are concentrated in the industrial zones only.

4. Mention any three challenges faced by cotton industry in India.
The challenges faced by cotton industry are:
· Fluctuations in the production of raw material: Production of cotton is uncertain. It fluctuates depending on the climatic conditions. It makes the supply of raw material irregular.
· Poor Quality of Cotton: Fine quality of cotton is not produced in India. For manufacturing fine and costly cloth, we have toimport fine quality cotton from other countries.
· The textile industry in our country had suffered badly for want of adequate and unfailing supply of Power. The inadequacy of coal supplies had also affected the progress of the industry.
· Competition in global market: The Indian cotton textile industry has been facing increasing competition in world markets, especially from countries like Japan, Korea, the USA and Taiwan, both in cost and quality This is largely due to low productivity and high cost and consequently high prices of Indian cotton textile.
· Old and outdated machinery and need for modernization : Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries of India. So it has a major problem of old and outdated machinery which are inefficient and , hence, uneconomic.
· Rivalry: Strikes, lock-outs and market rivalry have also made the industry sick.
· The invention of synthetic as a substitute for cotton has resulted in the decline of cotton industry.

5. Explain why cotton textile industry is largely concentrated in Maharashtra/Mumbai.
Cotton textile industry is largely concentrated in Maharashtra for the following reasons-
· AVAIALBILITY OF RAW MATERIALS- Cotton is the basic input of cotton textile industry and Maharashtra is the leading producer of cotton.
· TRANSPORT AND EXPORT FACILITY– Mumbai has excellent transportation network. It is also a port city and so export facilities are available. Therefore through it, good quality cotton, machines and the raw material are easily imported and finished products can be easily exported.
· LABOUR AND MARKET – Maharashtra has high density of population . So skilled and unskilled labour is easily available. Due to high density of population, demand for the products is also high.
· FAVOURABLE CLIMATE – this region has equitable climate which ensures the production of cooton.
· SOURCE OF POWER: The Western Ghats provide suitable conditions for the generation of cheap hydro-electricity required for this industry.
· FINANCE: There is no dearth of financial and banking institutions to make available finances for the growth of this industry.
6. Which cotton textile centres of India are known as ‘Lancashire of India’ and Manchester of India’?
Mumbai and Ahmedabad are known as the Lancashire of India and Manchester of India respectively. Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh is known as the ‘Manchester of Northern India.’

7. What makes Khadi and Handloom sector of the textile industry still very important even in this
modern large-scale industrial era? Give two reasons.
Khadi and handloom sector of textile is competing with modern industry withits innovative colours, styles, diversification, choice, rate and corporate ethics. The following are the reasons of its importance:
· It is a widespread industry which provides large employment and contributes about one-fifth of the total cloth production.
· They can be started with low investment by using local raw material and local talent encouraging optimum use of national resources.

8. Name some of the items produced by the cottage industry of India.
A variety of products are produced by the cottage industries:
FOOD PROCESSING: Edible and non-edible oils through ghanis, khandsari, sugar, palm,gur, etc.
FOREST BASED ITEMS: Cane and bamboo articles, paper, gums, resins, katha, soap ,matches, etc.
HANDLOOM ITEMS: Lungi, dhotis, shawls, saris, etc.

JUTE INDUSTRY

1. Mention three main problems faced by the Jute Industry in India.
The jute textileindustry in India is facing the following challenges:
*PROBLEMS OF RAW MATERIAL – After independence most of the jute-producing areas went to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan) resulting in acute shortage of raw jute. Although successful efforts have been made to increase the supply of raw jute since independence, it still falls short of our current requirements.
* INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION – Our jute industry has to face a very tough competition from synthetic packing materials of the advanced countries of Europe and North America. As such the market for jute goods has shrunk. Indian Jute industry is facing very stiff competition from Bangladesh, Philippines, Japan and Brazil.
* LESS DEMAND – Due to synthetic substitutes in domestic as well as international markets the overall demand for jute products is gradually decreasing in the international market.
LABOUR UNREST: Labour unrest and strikes have further added problems for this industry.

2. Explain why the Hooghly Basin is the main centre of the Jute Textile Industry. Mention two reasons.
* West Bengal is the home of jute. It produces the highest number of bales of the jute fibre. Adjoining regions of West Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa are also important producers of jute. Thus, raw material is easily available.
* Additional requirement of jute is met through import from Bangaladesh.
* Densely populated area of the lower Ganga basin provides cheap labour.
* The industry consumes huge quantity of water which is easily available from the Hooghly river.
* Kolkotta has a good network of transportation both of land and water. It has the facility of transport through rivers, canals, railways and roads.
* International airport and a big port in Kolkota have also helped in the transportation of materials.
Coal-mines of Raniganj and Asansol provide sufficient supply of power to this industry in Kolkata.

3. What were the effects of partition of India in 1947 on our jute industry?
Most of the jute producing areas went to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) whereas most of the jute mills remained in India.,,

4. Name any 4 countries of the world which are the leading importers of Indian jute goods.
USA, Canada, Russia and Australia

5. State two steps taken by the govt to overcome the problems faced by the Jute industry in
India. Name two jute products.
· The government is providing loans to the industry for purchasing raw material and other inputs.
· Some items have been exclusively reserved for the industry.

The two jute products are – Gunny bags and ropes

6. Which is the largest jute producing state in India? Name 2 centres of jute industry in that state.
West Bengal is the largest jute producing state in India.
Two important centres are Bally and Rishia.

7. Where do we find in India high concentration of jute textile industry?
The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta produces 90 per cent of total jute in India. So, jute textile industry is concentrated along the Hooghly river in West Bengal. Of the 113 jute mills of thecountry, 100 are located in West Bengal. A high concentration of jute mills is found in a 24 km long belt between Rishra and Naihati, Bansberia, Ulubeisa, Serampur, Chandan Nagar, Agrapara, Alambazar, etc., are famous areas of jute textile industry near Kolkatta.

8. Which are the important products produced by the jute textile industry?
This industry produces sacks, tarpaulins, carpets, paper lined Hessian, upholstery fabrics, blankets, electric insulation, water-proof materials etc.

9. How is the Indian Govt tackling the problem of the fall in the demand of jute in the international market?
The Government has encouraged diversification of jute products to deal with this problem, e.g., manufacture of jute bags, tapestry, jute-cotton, mixed textiles, etc.

SILK INDUSTRY


10. Why is Karnataka famous for the silk industry?
The following conditions in Karnataka favour the growth of silk industry in Karnataka:
· Suitable climatic conditions for silk production
· Availability of soft water in large amount
· Mulberry is grown as bush plantation.
11. Name any two centres of silk textile in Karnataka and West Bengal and Assam.
Karnataka – Bangalore and Mysore
West Bengal – Murshidabad and Bankura
Assam – Nagaon, Kamrup and Goalpara

12. What are the four varieties of silk produced in India?
Mulberry, Tasar, Eri and Muga.

13. What is ‘seri culture’? Also mention its two types.
The rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk is known as sericulture. Fresh mulberry leaves are fed to the silkworms and thread is unraveled from the cocoons on small spinning machines. Two types of seri culture are mulberry and non-mulberry. The mulberry sector accounts for nearly 90 per cent of the natural silk produced in India.


WOOLEN INDUSTRY

14. Why is woolen industry mainly confined to Northern India? Give two reasons.
Due to the following factors about 80 per cent of the woolen mills are located in north India.
o Due to cold winters, demand is confined to north India.
o Sheep rearing is also done in the the northern states, i.e. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. Hence raw material is also available in northern India. State three reasons why the woolen textile industry has not developed in India?
SHORTAGE OF RAW WOOL – India does not produce sufficient quantity of fine quality raw wool.
LACK OF MARKET – Most part of India have tropical and sub-tropical climate which restricts the demand for woolen clothes.
LACK OF MODERN EQUIPMENT – Most of the equipment in woolen textile industry is obsolete and outdated.
15. What are the requirements of the woolen textile industry?
Woolen industry requires raw wool, wool waste and rags.
It also requires plenty of soft and clean water for processing and dyeing of wool.

16. Punjab is the leading state in the manufacture of woolen goods. Justify.
Local demand for woolen goods, the proximity to raw wool and cheap labour are the factors whichled to the emergence of woolen textile in this area.

17. Give two problems faced by woollen industry in India.
Low productivity and inferior quality of the raw wool are the most important problems faced by woollen industry in India.

18. When and where the first woollen industry set up in India?
In 1876, at Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh)

19. What step the govt of India has taken up to produce good wool?
The Government of India encourages to produce good wool. In order to improve the quality of wool, sheep breeding farms have been set up in North India. Good breed Merino and Corriedale sheep are imported and reared in India.

20. Why Mumabi and Kanpur have emerged as important centres of the wool industry?
Mumabi has the ability of importing fine quality wool. That is why, this city has acquired importance in the wool industry. Kanpur has developed as a large woolen textile centre because it supplies woolens, flannels and worsteds to the defence forces of India.


MINERAL BASED INDUSTRY
1. Given below are the names of some important industrial cities. Against each write the name of the industry located.
a. Chittaranjan - Railway Engines
b. Bangalore - Hindusthan Machine Tools
c. Gurgaon - Maruti Udyog Ltd.

2. The Mumbai – Pune region is the most important industrial region of India. Give two reasons.
Mumbai and Pune are the largest centre of cotton textiles. There are more than 70 mills in this region.
Mumbai and Pune are major centres of chemical industries also.
This region is the major centre of electronics industry also.
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY.
1. What are the advantages of petro-chemical products?
Ø They are cheap.
Ø Raw material is easily available.

2. Name any four centres of petrochemical industry.
# Union Carbide India Ltd – Trombay
# The Udex plant – Koyli
# The Central Institute of plastic – Ahmedabad
# The Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. – Vadodara

3. Mention two products of an Oil refinery. Name two Oil refineries in India, one along the coast
and one away from the coast.
Two products of an Oil refinery are natural gas and LPG (Liquified petroleum Gas)
Oil refinery along the coast – Vishakapantam
Oil refinery away from the coast- Bongaigon.

4. List two major oil bearing regions of India.
The major oil producing areas of India are divided into North-East India and Western India.
NORTH EAST – Digboi and Naharkatiya.
WESTERN INDIA – Ankleshwar and Khambhat

5. Mention two advantages of Petrochemicals. Name any two petro chemical products.
* Petrochemicals are cost effective, economically stable, cheaper as these are produced on mass scale.
* Its raw material is easily available.
PRODUCTS – Polythene bags and synthetic rubber.

6. What are petro-chemicals? What is their importance?
Petro-chemicals are those chemicals and compounds which are derived from petroleum resources.
IMPORTANCE:
These chemicals are used for manufacturing a large variety of articles such as synthetic rubber, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, dye-stuffs, insecticides, drugs and pharmaceuticals.

7. Name the states (any two) where most of petro-chemicals are located. Give two reasons.
Most of petro-chemical units are in Gujarat and Maharastra because these states are the leading producers of mineral oil which is the basic raw material for the industry.

8. Name any four products of petro-chemical industry.
i. Synthetic fibre ii. Plastics iii. Insecticides iv. Drugs

9. Mention two products of an Oil-refinery. Name two oil refineries in India, one along the
coast and one away from the coast.
Two products of oil refinery are Natural gas and LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas)
Oil refinery along the coast – Vishakapatanam
Oil refinery away from the coast – Bongaigon

10. Most of the petrochemical units are in Maharashtra and Gujarat.” Give two reasons.
* The industry gets its raw material from oil refineries. So most of the units are near oil refineries.
* Both Maharashtra and Gujarat have import-export facilities.

11. What are the advantages of petrochemicals products over traditional products?
* These products are cost effective.
* these are cheaper as compared to traditional products.
* Its raw material is easily available.

ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
1. What is engineering industry?
The engineering industry is a diverse industry with a number of distinctive sectors. The industry in this sector ranges from low tech items to high tech items. The industry includes machines which are used by cotton and textile mills, automobile industry, ship industry, heavy macinery etc.


IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
21. a. Name any two raw materials of iron and steel industry. Write briefly two factors which effect the localization of this industry.
Raw material used iron and steel industry: Iron ore, cooking coal, manganese, dolomite and lime stone.
Factors affecting the localization of iron and steel industry are:
o Availability of raw materials in close proximity to the industry.
o Also depends on means of transport, communications and banking facilities.
b. Why is the location of iron and steel industry controlled by the raw material?
The location of iron ad steel industry is controlled by the availability of raw materials because iron and steel industry uses large quantity of heavy and weight losing raw materials.
c. Nearness to market is one of the major factor which influence the localization of iron and steel industry. Why? Name four large scale industries dependent on this basic industry.
Steel products iron and steel industry are quite heavy and bulky and transportation cost is very high. Therefore nearness to market is one of the major factor which influence the localization of iron and steel industry.
* Automobile industry * Engineering goods industry * Ship building industry
* Locomotive and coaches industry are four large scale industries that are dependent on Iron and Steel industry.

d. Why is iron and steel industry called a basic and heavy industry?
Iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because:
It is the industry which lays the foundation of rapid development ot other industries such as heavy engineering, defence equipment, automobiles, aeroplanes, etc.
It is also helpful in providing employment.
It also helps in the developmet of agriculture.
It is a heavy industry because all raw material and finished products are heavy and bulky.

22. a. Mention any two steps which have been taken by the govt to promote iron and steel industry.
The government has taken various steps to promote iron and steel industry. They are -
v Government is promoting Privatisation and globalization.
v Government is providing cheap power
b. Mention an one problem faced by the Iron and Steel industry in India.
There is shortage of research facilties.

23. What two advantages does the Vishakhapatam Steel plants have over the other steel plants in the public sector?
The Vishakhapatam Steel plants have few advantages over the other steel plants in the public sector . They are:
# It has a unique location on the sea coast in Andhra Pradesh so it has easy import-export facility.
# It can get iron from Guntur which is not far away from Vishakapatanam.
# It is the most sophisticated modern integrated steel plant in the country.

24. Give reason why iron and steel industry is concentrated around Chhota Nagapur plateau region. Which is the oldest and privately owned plant?
Iron and Steel industry is concentrated around Chhota Nagapur plateau region because:
· It is famous for iron ores. These raw materials are heavy and bulky so it is located near the source of raw material. Bihar, Bengal, and Jharkhand provide raw material.
· Coal which is used as a fuel is another important input and is available in this region in plenty.
· Because of more population in this region, cheap and abundant labour is also available.
The Tata Iron and Steel company at Jameshedpur is the oldest and privately owned plant.

25. With reference to Visveswarya iron and steel Ltd., answer the following:
a. City where it is located - Bhadravati
b. From where it gets iron ore – It obtains iron ore from Bababudan hills.
c. From where it gets limestone? – It gets limestone from Mandi Gudda.
d. From where it gets manganese – It gets manganese from Joda mines of Keonjhar district in Orissa.

26. What is an Integrated Steel Plant? State two advantages of Integrated Steel Plants. Name one integrated steel plant in the Public Sector. From where does this plant get its requirement of iron ore and coal?
Integrated Steel Plant is a plant where all the process are carried out in one complex, from handling of raw material , steel making, rolling and shaping of the steel.

Two advantages of Integrated Steel plants are:
* All the process are carried out under one complex, hence it saves time and transportation cost.
* These have short gestation period i.e. production can be started in a short period.

Bhillai Iron and Steel Plant was set up under the public sector. It gets coal from Korba (Chhattisgarh ) Bokaro (Jharkhand) and Jharia. Bokaro Steel Plant is another plant under public sector.

27. With reference to Bhilai Steel Plant., answer the following:
a. From where it gets power – It gets power from Korba thermal power station.
b. From where it gets iron ore – It obtains iron ore from Durg, Chanda and Bastar districts..
c. From where it gets limestone? – It gets limestone from Nandini Quarries.
d. From where it gets coal– It gets coal from Raniganj and Jharia coalfields.
e. From where it gets manganese – it gets manganese from Bhandara and Balaghat
28. . With reference to the Iron and Steel plant located at Jameshdpur, answer the following questions:
a. From where does the plant get its iron ore?
It gets iron ore from Chhota Nagpur Plateau region.

b. Which river provides water to the township?
Subarnarekha provides water to the township.

c. Name the states that provide its labour force?
Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Jharkhand

d. Which sea port serves the region?
Kolkatta sea port serves the region.

e. Explain three favourable factors for the location of steel plant at Jamshedpur.
All the essential raw material (iron-ore, limestone etc.) is available in the area.
There is a network of railways and roads in the area. So finished goods can easily be distributed within the country and also exported to other countries.
Labour, power and banking facilities are also available in the area.


29. a. ‘Mini Steel plants are successful in India.’ Give two reasons. Or state 2 advantages of Mini
Steel Plants.
o Minis steel plants do not need hugh capital investment as compared to large integrated plants.
o As mini steel plants have electric furnaces, they reduce the consumption of coal and help to conserve it.
o These have lower cost of production.
o These help in the decentralization of the industry.
b. State two geographical factors which were taken into consideration for the setting up the Durgapur Iron and Steel Plant.
The plant is in West Bengal . It is quite close to Kotkotta. Kolkotta is a port city and is being used for import and export of raw material and finished goods.
Density of population in West Bengal is very high, so cheap labour is available.

c. Mention any one problem faced by the Iron and Steel Industry in India.
There is shortage of research facilities in India.
30. Name the major industry associated with Rourkela.
Steel (Iron and Steel industry)

31. a. Where is steel industry mainly confined to?
Chhota Nagpur Plateau bordering West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Jharkhand.
b. When was the first modern steel industry set up in India?
Kulti in West Bengal in 1870.
c. Name two steel plants which were established with Soviet Union collaboration.
Bhilai and Bokaro
d. Name a shore based steel plant – Vishakhapatanam
e. Name the iron and steel plant which is located far away from the main coal producing
areas. – Visvesvarya iron and steel plant.
f. Name the oldest and the largest iron and steel centre of India.
Jamshedpur is the oldest and the largest iron and steel centre of India.
g. Name any 4 iron and steel plants which are in public sector? With whose collaboration
was each one of them set up?
* Durgapur steel plant was built with British, West Germany and Soviet Union
collaboraton.
* Rourkela Steel plant was built with the collaboration of Krupp and Demag firms of
Germany.
* Bokaro steel plant was built with Soviet Union collaboration.
* The Bhilai steel plant was built with Soviet Union collaboration.
h. Name 4 large scale industries dependent on iron and steel industry.
* Ship building
* Railway locomotives
* The aircraft industry
* Heavy machines and tools
i. Which is the largest mineral based industry?
Iron and Steel industry is the largest mineral based industry of India.
k. Give a geographical reason for the location of Iron and Steel Industry at Bokaro.
Coal is a basic input in iron and steel industry which can be brought from Bokaroand Jharia coal fields which are not far away from this plant.
l. From where does the iron and steel plant of Bhadravati get its iron-ore?
Visvesvarya Iron and Steel Plant which is located at Bhadravati gets its iron ore from Bababudan hills.

32. Explain the term ‘mini-steel plant’. Give any two reasons favouring the location of iron and steel plants in north eastern Deccan Plateau.
The steel plants that do not do all the processing at one place are called mini-steel plants. These plants are small in size and use less capital investments. They use steel scrap in electric furnace and help in recycling iron and reduce the consumption of coal.
The reasons favouring the location of iron and steel plants in north eastern Deccan Plateau are:
availability of iron ore, manganese, coal and limestone.
iron and steel industry is a labour intensive industry. North Eastern Deccan Plateau is densely populated and cheap labour is available.
33. Give one important centre of production for each of the following:
Diesel locomotive – Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
Aircraft – Bangalore (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited)
Ship building – Kolkotta (West Bengal)

ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY
1. Mention any three features of electronic industry.
Ø It is one of the fast growing industry of India.
Ø It includes wide range of products.
Ø It has become the main foreign exchange earner for the Indian economy.
2.Name any two products of electronic industry. How these products have helped in modernizing
the Indian economy? Mention one important requirement of the Electronics industry.
Computers and cell phones .
These products have revolutionized the communication system of India.
It requires huge investment and research facilities.
3. a. State the significance of the electronic industry in India. Name two centres of this industry in India.
* Space technology is supported by electronic industry. India has launched several indigenously built satellites like APPLE, INSAT –I series and INSAT – 2 series due to this industry.
* The television, audio industries , telecom services including cellular industry too bloomed as a result of the progress made by the electronics industry.
* A unique feature of this industry is the export orientation . Software exports have grown at a compound growth rate of over 50% per year for the last 5 years.

Two centres of electronic industries are Bangalore and Mumbai.

b. Mention one important requirement of the Electronics industry.
It requires huge investment and research facilities.
4. State the importance of Electronics in the field of : i. space technology ii. Entertainment iii. Defence
SPACE TECHNOLOGY – Space technology is supported by electronic industry. India has launched several indigenously built satellite due to this industry.
ENTERTAINAMENT – The television and audio industries too bloomed as a result of the progress made by the electronics industry.
DEFENCE - The industry provides the Defence the modern means of communication.
5. Which city is known as electronic capital of India? Name any three major centres of electronic products?
Bangalore is known as electronic capital of India. Major centres – Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, and Lucknow.
6. What are software technology parks? Name any 4 centres of software technology park.
These are cetnres which provide single window service and high data communication facility to the software experts.
Centres – Mohali, Hyderabad, Chennai and Mysore.


SHIP BUILDING INDUSTRY
1. Give a geographical reason for the location of ship building in Vishakapatnam.
Vishakhapatnam is a port city so raw materials and finished products can be imported and exported easily.

2. Why most of the ship building industri3s are under public sector? Name any four ship building yards of India?
It is large and complicated industry which requires huge capital investment.
It needs research and development facilties.

FOUR YARDS:
Hindustan Shipyard - Vishakhapatnam
The Garden Reach Workshop - Kolkatta
The Mazagaon Dock - Mumbai
The Cochin Shipyard - Kochi

ENERGY RESOURCES

1. What are renewable or replaceable resources of energy?
Those resources which can be replaced by human effort or nature are called replaceable resources.

2. What are non-renewable or irreplaceable resources of energy?
Those resources which once used are lost for good and cannot be replaced are called irreplaceable resources.
3. Mention three disadvantages of conventional sources of energy.
v They are non-renewable.
v They are very costly.
v They cause pollution.

4. Name any four non-conventional resources of energy.
Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy and geothermal energy.

5. Why is it necessary to develop alternative sources of power? Or what are the advantages of alternative sources of power?
Alternative source of power is also called non-conventional energy. Advantages of alternative sources of power are:
i. Alternative sources of power are available in nature continuously, therefore, they are inexhaustible.
ii. Alternative sources of power can reproduce themselves in nature and can be harvested continuously through sustained proper planning.
iii. Alternative sources of power can be operated not only in the urban areas but also in rural areas.
iv. Cost of generation and cost of operation of alternative resources are much lower than the conventional sources of energy.
v. Alternative resources of power are non-polluting. In fact, some of the resources like biogas help to destroy excessive garbage and provide manure for crops.
Conventional resources like coal, and petroleum are exhaustible resources, thus development of alternative resources are necessary.

6. What is coal? How was coal formed? Name the different varieties of coal. Which variety of
coal has comparatively more carbon content and is ideal for domestic use?
Coal is a brown or black rock that contains stored energy.
Coal was formed from the plants that grew in swamps. Plants got buried under sediments for a long time. Heat and pressure changed them into coal.
Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite and Peat.
Anthracite contains about 80% carbon.

7. Name the best variety of coal. Where is it found in India.
Anthracite. It is found in Jammu and Kashmir.

8. Name the most commonly used type of coal . Where is it found in India?
Bituminous. It is found in Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.

9. Name the type of coal that is brown in colour. Also name the places where it is found in India.
Lignite. In India, it is found in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Assam, and Jammu and Kashmir.

10. Which type of coal has the lowest carbon content?
Peat, about 50% to 60% carbon.

11. Name the two rock systems of coal-fields in India. Which of these systems provides most of the
total coal output?
Gondwana rock system and Tertiary rock system. The Gondwana rock system provides most of the coal output.

12. Name two coal-fields in each of the following states:
Jharkhand – Jharia and Bokaro
West Bengal – Purulia and Raniganj
Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh – Singrauli and Korba
Andhra Pradesh – singareni and Kotagudam
Maharashtra – Ghuguhus and Ballarpur

13. Why is energy required?
Energy is required to run machines and vehicles, to cook our food, to light our streets, to warm or cool our houses and offices , and to recycle various materials for further use.

14. What is the importance of Energy Resources? What do you understand by conventional
resources of energy. Explain the need for conserving conventional energy resources in India.
Energy resources are the chief sources of fuel and power in India.
IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY RESOURCES:
· Power is the main input for agriculture and industry.
· Energy sources are the backbone of economic development .

The resources which are widely used and constitute the major source of energy are called conventional resources of energy.

NEED FOR CONSERVING CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES-
· Conventional sources of energy like coal, petroleum, gas, and wood are limited in supply and cannot be renewed easily. Therefore they need to be conserved.
· Due to population explosion, modernization and industrialization the demand for energy resources is increasing day by day but the reserves of conventional resources are limited. This is leading to ‘energy crisis’. So to avoid or to control energy crisis there is need to conserve conventional energy resources.
· The present efficiency rate specially of thermal power station is very low. On the other hand demand is rising.

15. Name any four non-conventional sources of energy.
Hydro, wind, solar and bio-gas.

16. State three advantages of non-conventional sources of energy have over conventional
sources of energy.
* Conventional sources of energy are non-renewable sources of energy, e.g. coal and petroleum whereas Non-conventional sources of energy are renewable sources of energy. E.g solar energy, wind energy
* Conventional sources of energy are going to last just for 100-200 years where as non-conventional sources of energy are going to last for ever.
* Conventional sources of energy cause air and water pollution whereas non-conventional sources of energy do not cause any pollution.

17. Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.

RENEWABLE OR NON CONVENTIONAL)

NON-RENEWABLE OR CONVENTIONAL
1.
These resources have not been commonly used.
These resources of energy have been used since long time.
2.
Wind, tidel power, geo-thermal energy, biogas, solar energy, are such resources.
Wood, fuel, coal, petroleum gas and water power are such resources.
3.
These are inexhaustible resources.
These are exhaustible.
4.
These resources are eco-friendly and pollution free.
Conventional sources produce smoke on burning which pollute the air we breathe.

e. Name any two sources of energy which should be encouraged. Give reason.
Hydro and wind energy because these are free gifts of nature and don’t cause any pollution. They are also inexhaustible sources of energy.

18. What is the importance of sharing energy resources between countries?
v There are some countries like Bhutan which have excess production of energy than required.
v Sharing of energy resources also leads to specialization in production.

19. Name two power generating corporations of India. Or What does NTPC stand for?
· National Thermal Power Corporation
· National Hydro Power Corporation
·
20. Name two corporations which were created after 1975.
· Nuclear Power Corporation
· Power Grid Corporation of India Limited.
·
21. What is national grid?
Under national grid all the regional grids will be connected into a single grid to supply uninterrupted power to all the regions during adverse conditions.

22. Name any four factors which are responsible for energy crisis.
· Industrialisation
· Over Population
· Modernisation
· Wastage of energy resources.
23. Name any 4 countries of the Indian Sub-continent with which India is sharing energy resources.
Bhutan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

24. What is meant by energy crisis?
It is a situation in which the production of resources is less as compared to demand. In the past few decades due to high demand, there is shortage of energy resources, which has created energy crisis.

25. Why is coal considered the most important industrial power resource?
Because about 67% of the country’s requirement of power is met by coal.

26. Suggest some measures to conserve the energy.
* The energy should be used in a planed way so that these can be used in judicious way.
* Wastage of energy should be minimized.
* Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of energy.
* Export of energy should be minimized.


NATURAL GAS
28. What is the importance of natural gas?
· Natural gas is used as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
· It is also being used as cooking gas.

29. What are the preconditions required for the natural gas? Name any two areas in India where it is found in a reasonable quantity.
Natural gas is found associated with or without petroleum. It is found in marshy places as it is derived from organic material. It is mostly found in sedimentary rocks.
AREAS - * Andaman and Nicobar islands, * Mumbai High
30. A. What physical features are seen at sites of natural gas? Name any four important gas fields of India.
Mineral oil and sedimentary rocks.
i. Bassien
ii. Bombay High
iii. Adiyakkamanglam in Tamil Nadu
iv. Andada in Gujarat
31. State the conditions necessary for the formation of Natural Gas. Mention two advantages of using Natural gas as a source of energy.
Natural gas accompanies petroleum accumulations. Whenever a well for oil is drilled, it is natural
gas which is available before oil is struck. Natural gas is formed under the earth by the decomposition of vegetable matter lying under water. The decomposition is carried out by anaerobic bacteria in the absence of oxygen.
ADVANTAGES-
It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
For Indian agriculture, it has capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
It is easy to transport gas through pipe lines.

32. State two reasons why biogas is considered an ideal domestic fuel.
v It provides pollution free energy.
v The residue can be used as manure.

HYDEL POWER PROJECT
33. Name any two important hydel power projects of Madhya Pradesh with rivers on which these projects have been built.
ü THE RIHAND PROJECT – River Rihand
ü THE CHAMBAL PROJECT – River Chambal

34. With reference to Chukka hydro-electric power , answer the following questions:
i) Two countries which are sharing it
India and Bhutan are sharing it.
ii) Name the Indian state which get power supply from the project.
West Bengal gets the power supply from the project.
iii) Its importance
It is the main revenue earner of Bhutan.

35. State the main purpose for which the Faraka project was set up. Name the countries that share this project.
· Faraka project was established to save Kolkata from silting.
· To use the river water for irrigation.

This project is shared between India and Bangladesh

36. Mention two advantages of Hydro-electric power over coal and petroleum. Name any two important Hydro-Electric Power stations in Karnataka.
Hydro is a renewable source of energy whereas coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of power.
Hydro provides clean energy whereas coal and petroleum causes pollution.
Important hydro-electric power stations of Karnataka:
Tungabadra
Srisailam
37. State the main purpose for which the Kosi Project was set up. Name the two countries that share this project.
Kosi project was set up to use the water of River Kosi for the production of electricity and irrigation. Secondly to reduce floods which were causing damage to life and property.
It is a joint venture of India and Nepal.
38. Mention two steps taken by India and Bangladesh to solve the water sharing issues.
The signing of the treaty between the Government of India and Bangladesh on the Ganga water sharing at Farakka on 12 December, 1996.

39. Mention two factors that favour the production of Hydel Power in the region around the Western Ghats. State one advantage of electricity over coal.
The Western Ghats are not so high as the Himalayas , so their water can be used conveniently.
The region receives heavy rainfall from the South West monsoons.

40. How does hydel power score over the other conventional sources of power?
· It is a renewable source of energy.
· it does not cause any pollution.
·
41. Write any two disadvantages of hydro-electricity.
· It has adverse impact on the environment as a vast variety of flora and fauna get submerged in the reservoir.
· Construction of dam has also negative impact on the soil in the down stream areas because there are no annual floods.
·
42. Mention two advantages of producing electricity from water.
· It does not cause any pollution.
· it is produced from water which is a renewable source of energy.
THERMAL POWER
1. What is thermal power? Name two thermal power stations in India. Which state is the largest
producer of thermal electricity?
The electricity which is produced by using coal, petroleum or atomic mineral.
Two thermal power stations in India are:
i. Singrauli – Uttar Pradesh
ii. Korba – Chhattisgarh

Maharashtra is the leading producer of thermal electricity in India.
2. Name any two coal based thermal power project undertaken by NTPC OR name two thermal power stations in India.
· Singrauli – Uttar Pradesh
· Korba - Chhattisgarh

3. Name any two gas based thermal power project undertaken by NTPC. What is the new name of NTPC? When was it incorporated?
i. Anta – Rajasthan
ii. Dadari – Uttar Pradesh.

The new name of NTPC is Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. It was incorporated on 23rd October, 1989.

4. Ware the major functions of Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.?
The mission of the corporation is establishment and operation of regional and national power grids to facilitate transfer of power within and across the regions with reliability, security and economy on sound commercial principles.

5. What is NTPC and what are its main functions?
NTPC is the National Thermal Power Corporation.
FUNCTIONS:
· It plans for the construction of thermal power stations.
· It promotes the new units and helps them in using new technology.
· Its ultimate objective is the formation of the National Grid.


NUCLEAR ENERGY
1. “Nuclear energy is the hope of future.” Justify by giving three examples.
§ Nuclear energy is very economical.
§ Nuclear energy does not produce green-house gases that pollute atmosphere.
§ It requires small proportion of minerals which can produce energy for a long period of time.
2. What is nuclear energy? Name any two atomic power stations in India. How does it score over other sources of energy? What progress India has made in this field?
Nuclear energy is the energy obtained from atomic minerals like uranium, thorium, zircon, beryllium and limonite. These minerals provide colossal energy through a small quantity of substance.
Two atomic power stations in India are Kaiga atomic power station in Karnataka and Narora atomic power station in Uttar Pradesh.
It scores over other sources of energy as a small piece of uranium can produce lot of energy.
India has some of the most advanced nuclear research laboratories and workshops in the world. The power from the Narora station is mainly used for increasing agricultural produce. India is the first country that used atomic energy for agricultural purpose.

3. Name two minerals (raw materials)required for generating nuclear energy. Name any two regions where this raw maerial is found. Mention the nuclear power stations located in the states of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
Nuclear energy is obtained from uranium and thorium.
These are available in Jharkhand and in the Aravalli range of Rajasthan.
The nuclear power stations of the states of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are Tarapur and Kalpakkam respectively.

4. What are important nuclear raw materials? State their availability in India.
Most important nuclear raw material for nuclear power are minerals like thorium, uranium, and beryllium.
i. THORIUM – Thorium mainly occurs in the form of thorianite, allanite and monazite. In India large reserves of monazite are found. Deposits of monazite are found in the beach sands of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Orissa.
ii. URANIUM – It occurs mainly in Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Uttarkhand, Chattisgarh and in the ilmenite beach sands in Kerala.
iii. BERYLLIUM- It is obtained from beryl, which is found in association with Felspar and Mica. Beryllium is found in Bihar, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Sikkim.
iv. ZIRCONIUM- Its chief ore is zircon which is mainly associated with igneous rocks. It is found in Bihar and Tamil Nadu.

5. What are the chief limitations of nuclear power? or What are its disadvantages?
Nuclear power plants have many limitations. Some of them are:-
SAFETY – All types of nuclear installations have an element of risk of leaking radioactive wastes which are harmful to all living beings.
WASTE MANAGEMENT – Nuclear installations take precautions for the disposal of the waste material or for its utilization. However, the discharge of radioactivity in the atmosphere remains the greatest danger. Even in advanced countries radioactive wastes are dumped in geological formations. These wastes through are immobilized, contaminate underground water oceans and even the air.
THERMAL POLLUTION: This happens through discharge of coolants like heavy water.
NUCLEAR DISASTER : Construction of nuclear power plant can cause a nuclear disaster if it is not administered properly.

6. What is the main aim of B.A.R.C.?
The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre is in Trombay near Mumbai.
· To promote the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.
· To conduct researches and experiments in nuclear science.
7.. Name the four important places where India’s nuclear power plants are located?
· Tarapur atomic power station in Maharashtra.
· Rajasthan atomic power station at Rana Pratap Sagar near Kota.
· Kakrapara near Surat in Gujarat.
· Narora atomic power station in Uttar Pradesh.

WIND ENERGY
8..Give any two uses of wind energy. Name any one wind farm.
USES-
o It can be used for pumping water.
o It c an be used to generate electricity.
o It is used in sail boats.

The wind farm at Mandavi, Gujarat was set up in 1986.

41. How do wind mills generate electric power?
Windmill is a machine with a rotor that is moved slowly by the wind to produce mechanical power, used originally to mill grain and pump water.

102. What is wind energy? Name four regions of India which have high potential of wind energy?
The energy obtained from the moving wind is known as wind energy.
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.

103. Name two states where wind-farm projects have been undertaken.
Gujarat ad Maharashtra.

TIDAL ENERGY
102. What are the major forms in which energy is available from the oceans?
Ocean thermal energy and tidal energy.

103. What is tidal energy?
The energy obtained from the high and low tides of the sea waves is known as tidal energy. The tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a tidal barrage.


GEO THERMAL ENERGY
104. What is geothermal energy? How this energy can be utilized? (uses)Name any two regions of India where geothermal energy can be obtained?
It is energy which is obtained from the interior of earth. In volcanic regions of the world, the underground rocks get very hot and when water comes out it turns into steam.
· The steam can be directly conveyed to power plants to operate the generator turbines.
· The heat exchanger, containing liquid having a low boiling point is immersed in the underground well. The liquid vaporizes and returns to the surface and runs the generator. Geothermal energy can be utilized for cooking purposes.
Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir.

BIOGAS
105. What is biogas? What are the advantages of biogas or biogas plants?
Biogas is the energy obtained from organic base which is converted into energy by direct combustion or by conversion of such wastages into alcohol, methane, or other storage fuels.
· Biogas plant provides pollution-free energy.
· It is cheaper than most of the common fuels.
· The residue can be used as manure.

106. What is bio-gas? What is its advantage?
It is energy gas which is produced from organic waste such as farm waste, shrubs, animal and human waste.
ADVANTAGES –
v It is non –conventional source of energy.
v It has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to kerosene, cow dung, coal and charcoal.
v It does not cause any pollution.
v
107. Mention one advantage that biogas energy has over solar power.
Biogas energy can be used any time but solar energy can be used only during the day time.
108. Name a source of energy which can act as boon for the rural people. Write its two advantages.
‘Goar gas plants’ can make the rural people self sufficient.
i. The plants provide clean fuel.
ii. The plants can raise their living standard.


SOLAR ENERGY
106. “Solar energy has a bright future in India”. Justify by giving two examples.
ü LOCATION IN INDIA- India is a tropical country so lot of solar energy is available in India. It is about 20 MW per sq. km per annum.
ü THAR DESERT – India has Thar desert which can become the biggest solar power house of India.
ü DIFFERENT USES – Solar energy can be used for cooking, pumping water, refrigerators and street lighting. So its demand will increase in future.
107. Which is the most widespread non-conventional source of power? Give reasons.
Solar energy is the most widespread non conventional source of power.
It is available in abundance in India because India has a tropical climate.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
42. Name any two synthetic fibres. Also mention two raw materials required for their production.
Rayon and Nylon are two synthetic fibres.
RAW MATERIAL – Wood pulp and coal
43. Name any two states where hosiery producing units are located?
PUNJAB and HARYANA
90. Name one ship building centre established in public sector and located on the west-coast of India.
Cochin shipyard.
91. What is Salem famous for? Also name the state in which is situated.
Salem is located in Tamil Nadu and is famous for steel plant.
92. What are basic industries?
The industries on which other industries depend are called basic industries. eg Iron and Steel industry.

93. What is a consumer industry?
The industry which produces goods primarily for the direct consumption of the people is called consumer industry. eg. The Liberty Garments.

44. NAME THE FOLLOWING IN INDIA:-
a. A product of the heavy engineering industry – Hobbing Machines
b. Two Petrochemical units – Union Carbide India Ltd. Trombay, The Udex Plant – Koyali
c. A centre of the silk industry – Mysore (Karnataka)