C6A-INDUSTRIES

INDUSTIRES

Have you ever given a thought to the fact that the note book you use for writing has come to you after a long process of manufacturing. It started its life as part of a tree. It was cut down and transported to the pulp mill.
There the wood of the tree was processed and converted into wood pulp. The wood pulp was mixed with chemicals and finally changed into paper by machines. This paper found its way to the press where ink made from chemicals was used to print the lines on the pages. The pages were then bound in the form of a note book, packed and sent to the market for sale. Finally, it reached your hands. Secondary activities or manufacturing change raw materials into products of more value to people. As you have seen pulp was changed into paper and paper into a note book. These represent the two stages of the manufacturing process. The paper made from pulp and cloth made from cotton have had value added to them at each stage of the manufacturing process. In this way the finished product has more value and utility than the raw material that it is made from.
Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or the provision of services. Thus we have iron and steel industry (production of goods), coal mining
industry (extraction of coal) and tourism industry (service provider).

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.

Activity
Trace the journey of your shirt from a cotton field to your wardrobe.
Industries -Journey begins... ...paper made... ...recycle...

Raw Materials: Industries may be agro based, mineral based, marine based and forest based depending on the type of raw materials they use.

Agro based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw
materials. Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries are examples of agro-based industries.

Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials. The products of these industries feed other industries. Iron made from iron ore is the product of mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of a number of other products, such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.

Marine based industries use products from the sea and oceans as raw materials. Industries processing sea food or manufacturing fish oil are some examples.

Forest based industries utilise forest produce as raw materials. The industries associated with forests are pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture and buildings.

Size: It refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production. Based on size, industries can be classified into small scale and large scale industries. Cottage or household industries are a type of small scale industry where the products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans. Basket weaving,
pottery and other handicrafts are examples of cottage industry. Small scale industries use lesser amount of capital and technology as compared to large scale industries that produce large volumes of products. Investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior in large scale industries. Silk weaving and food processing industries are
small scale industries. Production of automobiles and heavy machinery are large scale industries.

Ownership: Industries can be classified into private sector, state owned or public sector, joint sector and cooperative sector.

Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
The public sector industries are owned and operated by the government, such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited .

Activity
Give some examples of agro-based industries.

Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Maruti Udyog Limited is an example of joint sector industry.

Co-operative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy are a success stories of a co-operative venture.

FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market.
Industries are situated where some or all of these factors are easily available.
Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas. Industrialisation often leads to development and growth of towns and cities.

factors affecting the location of industry

INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM
An industrial system consists of inputs, processes and outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and costs of land, transport, power and other infrastructure. The processes include a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished products. The outputs are the end product and the income earned from it. In case of the textile industry the inputs may be cotton, human labour, factory and transport cost. The processes include ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing. The output is the shirt you wear.

INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness. Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and especially near coal fields. India has several industrial regions like Mumbai- Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmedabad-Baroda region, Chottanagpur industrial belt, Vishakhapatnam-Guntur belt, Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region and the Kollam-Thiruvanathapuram industrial cluster.

DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES
The world’s major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry and the information technology industry. The iron and steel and textile industry are the older industries while information technology is an emerging industry.

THE NEED FOR INDUSTRIALISATION IN INDIA:
•* To reduce dependence on the other countries and become self-sufficient.
•* to maintain the balance of trade.
•* to solve the problem of unemployment .
•* to accelerate the economic growth.

OK, So far what did we study? One of important points in INDUSTRY is the factors responsible for the location of industry. Shall we revise the points?

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOCATION OF INDUSTRY:

HUMAN FACTORS:-
•CAPITAL – Big cities like Mumbai, Kolkotta, Delhi, Chennai are big industrial centres because the big capitalists live in these cities.
•GOVERNMENT POLICIES:- Government activity in planning the future distribution of industries, for reducing regional disparities, elimination of pollution of air and water and for avoiding their heavy clustering in big cities, has also become an important locational factor.
•MARKET – The entire process of manufacturing is useless until the finished goods reach the market. Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods. It helps in reducing the transport.

OTHER FACTORS
•Availability of raw materials
•Power resources,
•Transport and communication facilities
•Skilled and unskilled labour,
•Favourable climate
•Capital
•Water resources
•Market
•Government policy

Ok, boys and girls, can you recall the classification of Industries? Forgotten?? Ok, let's do that again. List the various manufactured products you use in your daily life such as – transistors, electric bulbs, vegetable oil, cement, glassware, petrol, matches, scooters, automobiles, medicines and so on. If we classify the various industries based on a particular criterion then we would be able to understand their manufacturing better.

Industries may be classified as follows:
On the basis of source of raw materials used:
• Agro based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
• Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

According to their main role:
• Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
• Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc.

On the basis of capital investment:
• A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore.

If investment is more than one crore on any industry then it is known as a large scale industry.

On the basis of ownership:
• Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc.
• Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
• Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.
• Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
• Heavy industries such as iron and steel

• Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

Classify the following into two groups on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods.
(i) Oil (vi) Sewing Machines
(ii) Knitting needles (vii) Shipbuilding
(iii) Brassware (viii) Electric Bulbs
(iv) Fuse wires (ix) Paint brushes
(v) Watches (x) Automobiles
Agro Based Industries - Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and
edible oil, etc. industry are based on agricultural raw materials.
Textile Industry: The textile industryoccupies unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent), employment generation (35 million persons
directly – the second largest after agriculture) and foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 per cent). It contributes 4 per cent towards
GDP. It is the only industry in the country,which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw material to the highest
value added products.

IMPORTNCE OF HEAVY ENGINERING IN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT:
• * It contributes substantially to the manufacturing of industrial machines, machine tools, transmission, telecommunication equipments, etc.
• *At present engineering, industrial sector is contributing nearly 31.2 percent of total industrial output.
• * The employment in the engineering industry is nearly 28 percent of the total industrial employment in the country.
•Increase the national income and per capita income. Industrial devp increases the employment opportunities to large number of people and thus increases the income.
•Solves unemployment problem
•Promotes agricultural devp. Many industries are agro based industries. agricultural products are raw materials for these industries. Devp of these industries enables agriculture to increase its production.
•Helps to utilise the natural resources such as mineral resources, water resources, forest resources, and other natural resources. Utilisation of these natural resources helps in the progress of the country.

•Many institutions belonging to the tertiary sector are also devpd as aresult of industrial devp- banking, education, insurance,transport, communication.Helps both domestic and foreign trade.helps to earn foreign exchange.

•REQUIREMENTS:
•Heavy Engineering industries needs heavy investment.
•It needs research and development facilities.
TWO HEAVY ENGINEERING INDUTRIAL UNITS –
•The Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT)
•The Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW)

The importance of manufacturing industry for the Indian economy

•EMPLOYMENT - Manufacturing industry is main source of employment for large number of skilled as well as unskilled workers.
•FOREIGN EXCHANGE – Export of manufactured goods bring foreign exchange to India.DAILY NEEDS – Manufacturing industry produces products of daily needs and helps the common people to fulfil their basic needs.
2 types of industries
1.Agro-based industry
2.Mineral based industry

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1. Name three physical factors that affect location of industries.
The physical factors that affect the location of industry are:
· Raw materials
· Water
· Power resources
· Climate

2. Name three human inputs that control location of industries.
The human inputs that control the location of industries are
· Labour
· Market
· Transport

3 What are light industries?
Light industries are the industries that use light raw material to produce light products.

4. Differentiate between Agro-based Industries and Mineral-based Industries?Answer :
* In Agro-based Industries the raw materials are derived from agriculture, e.g. jute. whereas in Mineral based industries, the raw materials are obtained from minerals, e.g. iron.
* Agro-based industries are light industries whereas the mineral based industries are heavy industries.
*Agro-based industries are consumer industries whereas mineral based industries are basic industries.
* Agro based industries are spread all over the country whereas the Mineral based industries are located where raw materials are available.

5. What do you understand by the Joint Sector Industry?
Joint sector industry is an industry which is owned both by state and by some private industrialist/firms/individuals.

6. What are consumer industries?
Consumer Industries are the industrieswhich produce goods for the consumption of the people at large scale. The Delhi milk scheme is the example of consumer industries.

7. What are basic industries? Give an example.
Basic industries are those industries which are very important, sincemany other industries depend on them. Iron and steel industry, the machine building plant at Ranchi are some basic industries.

8. What are light industries?
The industries which use light raw materials and produce light goods are called light industries.

9. How do industries pollute the environment?
Rapid industrialisation for rapid economic development has raised various serious problems. It has actually degraded the environmentin anumber of ways:
* Emitting Harmful Effluents and Smoke into the Air:
For every industry one of the basic requirements is power and for that the factories use coal, mineral oil and gas day in and day out. And thus they emit many harmful effluents and smoke into the air which leads to the pollution of the air and degradation of the environment.
* Discharging Large Quantities of Chemical Waste and Garbage:
Almost all industries pollute the water as well by discharging large quantities of chemical wastes and garbage in it or through it. This water sometimes gets poisonous and plays havoc wherever it goes.
* Leading to the Degradation of the Land:
Harmful effluents of factories and their chemical wastes do not spare the land as well. When polluted water finds no outlet and begins to stagnate at a particular place, it renders such a land quite degraded and useless.
* Contaminating Underground Water:
When such contaminated water of factories is allowed to stagnate at a particular place for a longer period, it slowly and slowly seeps through the earth and freely mixes with the underground water.
* Ill-Effects of Industrial Slums on Environment:
Slums near the industrial areas also lead to environmental degradation. Generally, the workers build jhuggis near and around the factories and within no time slum after slum comes into existence. The jhuggi dwellers defecate in the open and pollute the whole environment.
* Rapid growth in Population ultimately leading to Degradation of Environment: Rapid industrialisation is directly leading to rapid increase in population as with increase in living standard of the population and due to this rapid increase in population pressure on resources is taking place which ultimately leads to the exploitation of the resources and environment.

10. On the basis of raw material used classify the industries.
On the basis of the raw material, industries can be classified into:
1. Agro-Based Industries
2.Mineral Based Industries

11. Name the factors responsible for the location ofindustries.
Three factors that are important for the location of industries are:
1. Availability of Raw Material
2. Power Resources
3. Availability of water
4. Labour
5. Transport Network
6. Availability ofMarket
7. Capital

12. What is manufacturing?
Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate process involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. It is a large branch of industry and of secondary production.

13. In what different ways are the industries classified?
The five different ways of classifying the industries are as follows: A.Basis of Finished Goods
a. Basic Industries
b. Consumer Industries

B.Basis of the number of labourers employed
a. Large Scale Industry
b. Medium Scale Industry
c. Small Scale Industry
d. Village Industry
e. Cottage Industry

C.Basis of nature of their product
a. Primary Industry
b. Secondary Industry
c. Tertiary Industry

D.Basis of Raw Material
a. Agro-based Industry
b. Mineral Based Industry

E.Basis of ownership
a. Public Sector
b. Private Sector
c. Joint Sector
d. Co-operative Sector

14. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry.
The different steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are:
1. Use of Hydro-Electricity or Hydel Power: One of the major steps in this regard is that instead of using thermal power which is prepared by the burning coal, mineral oil or gas, Hydel power should be used. Hydroelectricity is both pollution free as well as an inexhaustible source of power. India has a large potential for Hydel power.
2. Use of Higher Quality Coal for Thermal Plants: It is suggested that if in any case, in certain areas, coal is to be used in Thermal Plants to produce electricity, then only the higher quality coal should be used which emits less smoke but gives more heat and produces more electricity.
3. Shifting of Factories out of Municipal Limits: All those factories which emit harmful effluents and smoke in the air or those who discharge dirty water into nearly streams and rivers should be shifted out of the municipal limits so that they do not pollute the air in the city areas.
4. Discharging dirty water after treating it: The dirty water of the factories must be first treated and then discharged in the nearby streams and rivers.
5. Recycling of Water:It would be better if the factories make an arrangement for using their waste-water over and over again after scientifically treating it.
6. Enacting Stringent Laws for checking Pollution and Degradation of the Environment: Those industrialists who do not see reason must be fined heavily so that theydo not cause any concern either for the government or for the innocent public.
7. Planting of Trees and Creating Mini-Forest Areas: Factory owners can be encouraged and even rewarded for planting of trees in and around their factories. Such a measure would minimise both pollution and degradation of the environment.

15.