10E2 -INDIA- LOCATION , EXTENT & PHYSICAL FEATURES (NOTES)

INDIA

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LOCATION
3. a. Which parallels of latitude mark the northern and southern extent of India?
8 degree 4 ‘ N and 37 degree 6’ N

b. What is the value of the Standard Meridian of India? If the Indian cricket team is playing at Lords(England) at 9.30 am, what time will it be in India?
Longitude of 82 degree 30 ‘E
If the time in England is 9.30 a.m.,
Time will be 3 p.m. / 15.00 hrs because India’s time is always 5 ½ hours ahead from England as it is situated in Eastern side. (Hemisphere).

c) Why has India selected this value?
It lies almost in the middle of India and as such it suits us the most.

d. If we take India’s north-south extent as 8 degree N and 37 degree N latitudes:
i) How many km apart is each latitude?
ii) Calcualte in km. the north-south length of the country.
Ans. i) 37 – 8 = 29 degree
ii) The N-S length of the country is 3,214 km.

e) Which parallels of latitude mark the northern and southern extent of India?
8 degree 4’ N and 37 degree 6’ N

f) What is the value of the Standard Meridian of India?
Longitude of 82 degree 30’E.

g. Why has India selected a Standard Meridian of India with an odd value of 82 degree 30’ E? Name the state in India through which the Standard Meridian of India as well as the Tropic of Cancer pass covering the longest distance.
It lies almost in the middle of India and as such it suits us the most.
Madhya Pradesh

h. In which hemisphere does India lie with reference to Prime Meridian?
India lies in the Eastern Hemisphere with reference to Prime Meridian.

i. What is the total area of India?
32,87,263 sq km is the total area of India.

j. State the value of the angle which the Standard Meridian of India makes with the Prime Meridian. Show by calculations the time lag between I.S.T. and G.M.T.
Value of angle is 82 1/2 degree E.
Calculation:
1 degree = 4 mins
Time taken for 1 degreee = 4 mins
Time taken for 82.5 degree = 4 X 82.5
= 330 mins
60 mins = 1 hour
330 mins = 5 and half hours.
So total time lag is 5 and half hours.

k. State the latitudinal and longitudinal extension of India. Which important line of longitude passes the middle of India? Also state which important latitude passes through the middle of India. What is the importance of its central location? Give two points (2)
* LATITUDE : 8 degree 4’ N to 37 degree 18’ N
LONGITUDE: 68 degree 7’ to 97 degree 25’ E
· The longitude of 82 degree 30’ E passes through the middle of India and is taken as the Standard Time Meridian of India.
· The Tropic of Cancer (23 ½ degree N) is an important line of latitude passes through the middle of India.
IMPORTANCE:
* India’s geographical location is favourably important for international trade.
** Due to its central location in the Eastern Hemisphere India lies on the major trade routes.

l. By what name is the parallel of latitude 23 degree 30’ N known? Name the zones or belts into which it divides India almost equally.
Tropic of Cancer. It divides India into two Tropical zone and the subtropical zone.

m. Along which meridian of India is the Indian Standard Time calculated? If the Indian Cricket Team is playing at Lords (England) at 9.30 am, what time will be it in India? Name the two other countries which also base their standard time as this meridian.
Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82 ½ degree E longitiude.
It the time in England is 9.30 a.m.
Time in India will be 3.00 p.m./15:00 hrs because India’s time is always 5 ½ hours ahead from England as it is situated in Eastern side (Hemisphere).
Nepal and Sri Lanka are the other two countries which also base their standard time as this meridian.

n. What is a subcontinent? Give example. (2)
A subcontinent is a large, relatively self contained landmass forming a subdivision of a continent. A large part of a continent that stands distinct from the rest of the continent..For example: India is called a sub-continent because of varied relief features, climate, natural vegetation, and diversities among the people. India constitutes nearly 74% of South Asia. Therefore , the subcontinent is also referred to as the Indian subcontinent.
o. Which is the southern most tip of India?
Indira Point in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
p. Write the names of the diverse land features of India. or Write the names of the diverse land features of India.
· The Himalayan Mountains
· The Great Plains of North
· The Peninsular Plateau
· The Coastal Plains
· The Islands.
q. Name the States of India which touch the borders of Nepal.
Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Sikkim, West Bengal

r. Name the northern most and the southern most points of India.
Indira Col and Indira Point respectively.



HIMALAYAS

4. A. Himalayas are the source of northern rivers. Justify the statement by giving two examples.
* The Himalayas create barrier before the south west monsoons which causes precipitation in the
form of rain or snow.
* The rain water adds to the water of rivers and melting of snow is also the source of water.
* Example: Rivers Indus, Ganga, Brahamaputra

b. State the importance of the Himalayas with regard to the race and occupation of the people of South Asia.
* The severity of the cold climate and rugged terrain have resulted in typical short statured, high cheek boned, small eyes and fair complexioned people belonging to the Mongoloid race.
* As the Himalayas offer good pastures on its hill-slopes, cattle- rearing is an important occupation.
* Agriculture is another important activity of the people of South Asia. This is because of fertile plains and sufficient water. The moisture of the South-West monsoon is captured by the mountain barrier.
* By virtue of their scentic beauty and healthy environment, the Himalayan ranges have developed several tourist spots and tourism offers a major economic activity in the region.

c. Write any three features of Himadri. (3)
* It makes up the highest part of the Himalayas.
* The average elevation is more than 6000 m.
* Mount Everest *8848 m), the highest peak in the world is located here.

d. State the climatic significance of the Himalayas to the people of South Asia. (3)
EFFECT ON CLIMATE: These act as a guard against the northern cold winds. The Himalayas act like a natural wall that keeps the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains safe from the cold, bleak winds from the north.
The Himalayas cause the monsoon winds to shower life giving rains on the valleys and the plains to their south.
SOURCE OF RIVERS: These are the source of important rivers like the Ganga, the Indus, etc.
FOREST WEALTH: The Himalayas are covered by thick forests which are the source of numerous raw material.

OTHER SIGNIFICANCE OF HIMALAYAS:
TOURISM: The Himalayas are known for beautiful valleys and tourist spots which help in earning foreign exchange.
HYDROELECTRICITY: Dams can be constructed across the Himalayan rivers to generate Hydroelectricity..

e. With reference to the Himadri, answer the following: (2)
i) Name two mountain peaks included in this range.
Mount Everest (8848 m)
Kanchenjunga (8598m)

ii) Name two passes of this range.
Burzil Pass in Jammu and Kashmir
Skipkila Pass in Himachal Pradesh

iii. Name two important glaciers of Himadri.
The Gangotri and the Yamnotri

iv. What is the height of Himadri?
Its height is 6,000m.

f. Explain the impact of the Himalayas on the occupation of the people. or Mention two favourable effects of the Himalayas on the economy of India.(3)
* The rivers originating from the Himalayas are responsible for the formation of plains. These plains provide fertile alluvial soil. So most of the people are engaged in agriculture.
* Slopes of Himalayas have been terraced for cultivation of fruits, food crops and plantation crops.
* The Himalayan ranges are rich in forest resources and pastures. So most of the people are engaged in lumbering and animal rearing.
* Rivers flowing from Himalayas has a great potential to generate hydroelectricity.

g. Name the four mountain ranges radiating from the Pamir Knot. (2)
Hindukush, Sulaiman range, Karakoram and Tienshan range and Zaskar

h. Name two passes of middle Himalayas.
The Pir Panjal and Golabghar are two important passes of middle Himalayas.

i. Write any two features of the Shiwaliks.
· The average elevation is less than 1200 m.
· It is made up of unconsolidated sediments.
j. Name the second highest peak in the world.
K2

K. Between which two ranges Himachal is situated. Write any two of its important features.
Himachal is situated between Shiwaliks in the South and Himadri in the North.
Most of the hill stations like Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital, Darjeeling etc. lie here.
It extends over an average width of 50 km and have an altitude of 3750 to 4,500 km.
.

l. Name the three ranges of the Himalayas with one feature of each range. Write one feature of these ranges.(3)
* THE HIMADRI (Greater Himalayas): It makes up the highest part of the Himalayas.
* THE HIMACHAL (Lesser Himalayas): It has an average height of 4,500 m.
* THE SHIWALIKS ( Outer Himalayas): It has an average elevation of 1,200 m.
THE HIMADRI: It is the loftiest of all. All the high peaks belong to this range.
THE HIMACHAL : all the important hill stations such as Dalhousie, Dharamsala, Shimla belong to this range.
THE SHIWALIKS: It is the outermost and lowest range. It is made of fluvial deposits.


m. Mention three differences between the Western Himalayas and the Eastern Himalayas. (3)
* The Western Himalays lie in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. The Eastern Himalayas lie in West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan.
* Western part of the Himalayas is very high. Eastern part of the Himalayas in of medium height.
* The major rivers of the Western Himalayas- Indus and Sutlej – flow into Arabian Sea. The major rivers of the Eastern Himalayas- Brahmaputra flows into the Bay of Bengal.
* The Western Himalayas get less rainfall. The Eastern Himalayas get more rainfall.
* Western Himalayas consist of mountain ranges of Hindukush, Sulaiman and Kirthar. The Patkai Bum, Naga Hills, Mizo hills, etc., are the parts of Eastern Himalayas.
* These hill ranges pass through the countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Eastern Himalayas run through India and Myanmar
* Western Himalayas have two important passes – Khyber pass, Bolan Pass. Eastern Himalayas are famous for its sandstone and slate..

n. Millions of years ago what covered Himalayas and the Great Plains?
Tethys sea covered the Himalayas and The Great Plains.

o.. Name the four mountain ranges radiating from the Pamir Knot. (2)
* Hindukush Range * Karakoram Range * Sulaiman Range * Tienshan Range

p. Give the length and breadth of the Himalayas.
The Himalayas are about 2500 km long and from 250 km to 400 km broad.

q. Name the main peaks of the Himalayas.
Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Nanga Parbat, Nanda Devi, and Namcha barwa.

r. Which is the outermost range of the Himalayas? Write any three features of that range.
The Shiwalik is the outermost range of the Himalayas and is also known as the ‘Outer Himalayas’.
The Shiwalik range runs almost parallel to the leser Himalayas from the Potwar plateau to the Brahamaputra valley.
It has an average height of les than 1200 m and average width of 30 km.
There are broad longitudinal valleys in the Shiwaliks known as duns. Dehra Dun is the best example of such a plain which is 75 km long and 15-20 ms wide. Kota, Patli, and Chauk hamba are other duns in Uttar Pradesh.
s. Name the hills that make up the Purvanchal Ranges in India.
The hills that make up the Purvanchal Ranges in India are the Patkoi Bum, Garo-Khasi, Jaintia Hills, Lushai Hills , Mizo and Naga Hills.

t. Why are the Himalayas known as Tethys Himalayas also?
The Himalayas are fold mountains said to have risen from the sediments of the Tethys sea-floor due to earth-movements. Since these mountains originated from the Tethys Sea, they are also called Tethys Himalayas.

DECCAN PLATEAU
4. a. How was the Deccan Plateau formed? Name two important ranges that run through it and mention an important feature of this region. State the significance of the Plateau region to the people of India.
Deccan Pleateau was formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land. It is formed as a result of cooling of thick horizontal lava sheets and is a dormant vocano.
The Vindhyas, the Satpuras, Rajmahal Hills, the Mahadeo Hills are some of the ranges that run through Deccan Plateau.
The Triangular Deccan Plateau is India’s largest and its height is between 800 to 3000m and are situated between the Eastern and Western Ghats.

· It is made up of hard crystalline igneous rocks. These rocks contain a very rich variety of minerals.
· The highlands of the plateau are covered with different types of of forests which provide a large
variety of forest products.
The swift flowing rivers flowing through the plateau are ideal for production of hydro-electricity.
Much of it has black lava soil good for crops like cotton, sugar-cane and tobacco.

b. Name the oldest mountain range in India, stating its highest peak?
The oldest mountain range in India – Aravallis. Its highest peak is Gurushikhar.

c. What is significance of the Peninsualr Plateau? (3)
* The Peninsualr Plateau is rich in useful minerals like manganese, iron ore, bauxite and gold , etc
* Its black soil is useful for growing cotton and sugarcane while laterite soil prove useful for tea, rubber, and coffee plantations.
· Valuable varieties of wood is provided by the Western Ghats.
The hill stations like Ooty, Panchmarhi, are the source of attraction for tourists

d. Name any three hill ranges lying on the Indian Plateau. (3)
Vindhya, Satpura, Maikal ranges

e.. How was the Deccan Plateau formed? State the significance of the Plateau region to the people of India. Name the longest river of Deccan Plateau.
Deccan Pleateau was formed due to the breaking and drifting of the Gondwana land.
* These rocks contain a very rich variety of minerals.
* The highlands of the plateau are covered with different types of of forests which provide a large
variety of forest products.

Godavari is the longest river of Deccan Plateau

f. State three reasons for the importance of the Peninsualr Plateau. (3)
* Many rivers originate from this plateau.
* the plateau is very rich in mineral wealth.
* black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau is extremely useful for growing cotton and sugarcane.

g. Where is ChhotaNagpur Plateau located? What is its economic importance? What is its origin?
Chhota Nagpur Plateau is located in Jharkhand , east of Bundelkhand and ends up in Rajmahal Hills east.
It is a store-house of coal, iron-ore, mica, etc which support the steel industries and engineering industries.
Its origin due to intense volcanic activity which occurred millions of years ago and eruption of lava through fissures being solidified.

h. Which is the largest unit of the Peninsular Plateau of India?
The Deccan Plateau is the largest unit of the Peninsualr Plateau.

I . Where is Malwa Plateau located? Name the rivers that drain it. What is it made up of?
Malwa Plateau is located between the Aravallis and the Vindhyas. The Aravallis lie to its west and the Vindhyas lie to its south.
Chambal, Sind and Betwa are the rivers that drain it.
They were formed by solidified molter lava. The flat top is forested and broken by ravines.


RIVERS
5. a. Mention any three characteristics of Brahamputra river. By what name is it known in Tibet and Bangladesh? Name its tributaries.(3)
* It flows only in northern India.
* It passes through three countries i.e. Tibet, India, Bangladesh
* It causes disastrous floods.
In Tibet, it is known as Tsang Po and in Bangladesh , is is known as Jamuna.
Tista, Subansiri, Barali, Manas, Buri, Dihang are tributaries of Brahamaputra.

b. Which is the longest river of India? Name the source of the river Ganga. Where does this river enter the plains? Name any two tributaries of Ganga.
River Ganga is the longest river of India.
Gangotri glacier is the source of river Ganga. The river enters the plains near Haridwar river.
Two tributaries of Ganga are Gomati and Gandak.

c. Why most of the peninsular rivers have straight and linear courses? (3)
* Due to gentle slope, the intensity of erosional activity is less.
* The hard rock bed and lack of silt and sand does not allow meandering.
* During most of the year they have less water.

d. Distinguish between the rivers of the North Plains and those of Peninsular India. (Southern India)
North Indian rivers originate from the lofty Himalayan ranges. Rivers of Peninsular India originate from Peninsular Plateau.
Rivers of North Plains have large basins. Rivers of Peninsular India have small basins.
Rivers of North Plains are perennial in nature. They are fed by Glaciers. Rivers of Peninsular India are non-perennial. They are mainly fed by rain.
Rivers of Northern Plains are suitable for navigation as they flow gently in the plains whereas rivers of Peninsular India are not suitable for navigation as they flow swiftly over the plateaus and highlands.

e. Himalayas are the source of northern rivers. Justify the statement by giving two examples.
* The Himalayas create barrier before the south west monsoons which causes precipitation in the form of rain or snow.
· The rain water adds to the water of rivers and melting of snow is also the source of water.
· Example: Rivers Indus, Ganga, Brahamaputra

f. Distinguish between the rivers of the North Indian Plains and those of Peninsular India.
* Rivers of North India are much longer as compared to those of Peninsular India.
* Rivers of North India are good for irrigation where as those of peninsular India are less suitable
as they flow through hard rocky terrain.
* Rivers of North India form large deltas whereas those of Peninsular India form smaller deltas.

g.. State two reasons why the rivers of the Deccan Plateau are non-perennial and non-navigable.
* They are non-perennial as they receive water only from rainfall and water flows in these rivers in
rainy seasons only.
* Since they are rainfed rivers, they become dry in the summers.

The rivers of Deccan Plateau are non-navigable because
they flow in comparatively shallow valleys
This area has a rugged topography and the rivers are swift flowing.
The rivers have a number of waterfalls in them.

h. Name a river of the Peninsualr Plateau that does not form a delta.
Narmada river does not form a delta.

i. Name the river which divides Peninsualr Plateau into two parts. Name the parts also.
The Narmada river divides the Peninsualr Plateau into two parts. i.e. the Malwa Plateau and the Deccan Plateau.

j. What is braided river? Give an example.
A river which is divided into a number of converging and diverging channels separated by sand bars and islands is known as braided stream. For example, Brahmaputra

k. Name the source of the river Ganga. Where does this river enter the plains?
The source of the river Ganga is Goumukh., Gangotri glacier. This river enters Haridwar.

l. What are doabs?
The land between two rivers is called doab.

m. name five rivers which make up Punjab-Haryana Plain.
The Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab, and the Jhelum.

n. Name the rivers which the drain the Malwa Plateau.
Chambal and its tributaries like the Kali, Sindh, and Parbati.

o. Name four rivers forming deltas on eastern coastal plain.
Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari and Mahanadi.

p. What are the lengths of the river India and the river Ganga?
River Indus – 2900 km River Ganga: 2500 km

q. Which river is known for creating havoc of floods in Assam and Bangladesh? Why is the river prone to floods?
The river Brahamaputra is known for creating havoc of floods in Assam and Bangladesh.
The river is prone to floods because it has braided stream.

r. With reference to the Indus River, answer the following:
i. Name its source. What is its total length?
The Indus originates from the glaciers of the Kailas Range in Western Tibet. The total length of Indus river is 2,880 km.
ii. Name the treaty signed on the sharing of its water between India and Pakistan.
India and Pakistan signed The Indus Water Treaty on the sharing of its water.

s. One of the most important rivers of the Ganga drainage system is the Ganga. With reference to it , answer the following:
i. Where does it originate? Where does it enter the plains?
Ganga originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri glacier in Uttar Kashi district of Uttarkhand. It enters Haridwar.
ii. From where does it get its name?
The river acquires its name after its headstreams Alaknanda and Bhagirathi unite at Devaprayag.

t. What is a Delta? Name two deltas in South Asia.
A low lying area found at the mouth of a river and formed of deposits of alluvium.
Ganga-Brahamaputra and Krishna delta are two deltas of South Asia.

u. Briefly give the characteristics of the forests that flourish in the delta of the River Ganga.
The forest is called mangrove forest. This forest is flooded by the tides of the sea, the trees bend down branches into the salt water of the sea, which enable them to remain fixed. They have breathing roots.

v. Mention two features of the east-flowing Peninsular rivers.
· They have their source in the Western Ghats.
· They are non-perennial since they are rain-fed.
· They are not navigable.

w. Which are the two major waterfalls in India? What is their importance?
The Jog Waterfalls and the Shiva Samudra are two major waterfalls They are source of Hydro Electric Power in South India.

x. Into how many drainage systems can the rivers of Peninsular India be grouped? Which is the longest river here and where does it rise?
Rivers of Peninsular India can be grouped into East fllowing towards Bay of Bengal and West flowing towards Arabian, towards Ganga, i.e. flowing North from the Vindhyas, Godavari, rising in the Western Ghats.

PLAINS.

6. a. Mention three benefits of the long coastline of India. Or What is the significance of the coastal plains?
# The coastline of India is uniform and regular, little indented by large inlets. The West Coast contains a few natural harbours like Mumbai, Marmagao, Cochin, etc
# Large parts of the coastal plains are covered with fertile plains on which different crops are grown.
# The back waters and lagoons are ideal for fishing.
# Sea beaches serve as tourist attraction, thus earning foreign exchange.
# The coastal plains have been centres of commerce since ancient times. Various factories and forts of the Dutch, Portuguese were established on the coast.
#Petroleum in sea beds can be drilled out.
# The Kerala coast has abundant deposits of monazite and the off shore areas of Mumabi have petroleum deposits in abundance

b. Distinguish between west coastal plain and east coastal plain. Or Differentiate between the Eastern Coast and the Western Coast.(3)

West Coastal Plain is a narrow and uneven plain with an average width of 65 km. East Coastal Plain is comparatively broader and more level plain with an average width of 80 -100 km.
There are several estuaries lagoons especially in the southern part of West Coastal Plain. Lagoons are comparatively less in East Coastal Plain. It has fertile deltas of rivers.
The western plain has indented coast which supports many ports. The eastern plain has more or less a straight coast where good ports are lacking.
Western coast gets more rainfall than the Eastern Coast of India. Eastern coast gets less rainfall . (100-125cm)
West Coastal Plain lies between Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. East Coastal Plain lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal.
West Coastal Plain is known as the Konkan Coast in Maharashtra and Goa, Kanara Coast in Karnataka and Malabar Coast in Kerala. East Coastal Plain is known as the Northern Circars in the north and Coromandel Coast in the south.

c. Which is the largest unit of the Great Plain of India.
The Ganga Plain.

d. What is the Konkan region?
The region extending from Goa and Daman is called the Konkan region.

e. What is the extent of the West Coast of India? What are the different names given to different parts of this coast?
The West Coast of India extends from River Narmada in the north to Kanyakumari in south.
In Kerala, it is known as Malabar Coast, in Karnataka, it is known as Kanara coast, in Goa and Maharashtra, it is known as Konkan Coast.
.

WESTERN AND EASTERN GHATS

7. a. Distinguish between the Western and Eastern Ghats. (2)
Western Ghats are higher. The average height is between 900 to 1100 m. The highest peak in the Western Ghats is Anaimudi with a height of 2,696 m. Eastern Ghats are lower with average height of 600m. The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is Mahendragiri with a height of 1500 m.
The Western Ghats are continuous. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous. They are broken.
Western Ghats are closer to the sea. Eastern Ghats are not closer to the sea. There are wider plains in between the Eastern Ghats and the sea.
Western Ghats rise steeply from the west coast. Eastern Ghats rise gently from the east coast.
All the rivers of the Deccan Plateau rise to the Western Ghats. No river originates from the Eastern Ghats.The rivers cut valleys through Eastern Ghats.
Western Ghats are situated perpendicularly to the South-West Monsoon winds, consequently the heavy rainfall in the monsoon, been experienced. Eastern Ghats are parallel to the South-West Monsoon winds and so do not cause for the rainfall in the monsoon season.
The Western Ghats receive rainfall in summer only, whereas the Eastern Ghats get rainfall both in winter and summer.

OCCUPATION

8. a. What is the main occupation of the people of India? (2)
Agriculture

b. Mention two problems associated with agriculture in India. (2)
* OVERDEPENDENT ON NATURE: Indian agriculture is mainly dependent on monsoons. If there is heavy rain, it leads to floods and if there is less rain it leads to drought.
* OLD TECHNOLOGY AND MORE PRESSURE ON LAND: Our farmers still use old implements. They are very poor and cannot afford modern technology and implements. Secondly, 67% of our population is directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture.

c. What is subsistence agriculture?
Farming in which the main production is consumed by the farmer’s household.


ISLANDS

9. a. Mention any three features of the island group of India.
* The Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep island are two island groups of India.
* The Andaman and Nicobar islands are made up of tertiary sandstone, limestone and shale.
* Lakshadweep islands are coral islands.

b. With reference to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, answer the following:
i. Where are they situated?
They are situated in Bay of Bengal.
ii. What is the other name of these islands? Why are they called so?
They are called Bay Islands. They are called so because they are located in the Bay of Bengal.
iii. Name the highest peak of these islands.
Saddle Peak in North Andaman is the highest peak.

c. With reference to the Lakshadweep Islands, answer the following:
i. Where are they situated?
They are situated in the Arabian Sea.
ii. How were they formed?
They have been formed through deposition of the dead bodies of micro-organisms like corals over a long period of time.

LAGOONS:
10. a. What is a lagoon? give an example.
It is a salt water lake on the coast. e.g. chilka.


11. NAME THEM:
a. Name the neighbour countries of India.
Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.

b. Name any two harbours on the east coast of peninsular India.
Chennai and Vishakhapatnam

c. Name any two important inlets in the Gujarat region of the west coast strip.
The Gulf of Kachchh and The Gulf of Cambay are two important inlets in the Gujarat region of the west coast strip.

d. Name the highest peak of the Western Ghats.
Anaimundi (2695 m)

e. Name the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats.
Mahendragiri is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats.

f. Name the highest plateau of Indian Union.
The Ladakh Plateau

g. Name the hills which form the watershed between India and Myanmar.
Patkai Bum and Naga Hills.

h. Name the hill of Arunachal Pradesh which forms the international boundary between Indian and Myanamar.
Patkai Bum.

i. Name the hill which forms boundary between Manipur and Myanmar.
The Manipur Hills

j. Name two salt lakes of Rajasthan Plain.
The Sambhar and the Diwana.

k. Name the hills that make up the Purvanchal Ranges in India.
The hills that make up the Purvanchal Ranges in India are the Patkoi Bum, Garo-Khasi. Jaintia Hills, Lushai Hills, Mizo and Naga Hills.

12. GIVE REASONS.
a. The deltas on the east coast are not suitable for harbours.
The deltas on the east coast are not suitable for harbours because their mouths are full of silt.

b. The Peninsular rivers are not navigable.
The Peninsualr rivers are marked by a number of waterfalls which are being harnessed for the production of hydroelectricity. These rivers have also been impounded for irrigation and hydroelectric power . Moreover, these rivers are non-perrenial.

c. The Brahmaputra river is called the ‘Red River’.
Because during the floods, the water of the Brahmaputra looks reddish in colour after mixing with the Red soil of Assam.

d. The northern frontier of India is practically an impossible barrier.
Because the valleys formed by the great ranges of this mountain run parallel to the ranges, i.e. from west to east. This fact has made the Himalayas a huge barrier, which is practically impossible to cross.

e. The Deccan system of rivers is unsuitable for navigation.
* Because most of the peninsular rivers are seasonal in character due to which they flow only when they are fed by the monsoon rains.
* Since this area has a rugged topography, the rivers are swift flowing.
* The rivers have a number of waterfalls in them, thus, making navigation difficult.

f. The peninsular plateau of India is considered to be part of Gondwana hundreds of millions years ago.
The southern plateau of India is as ancient as the global continent of Pangea. Pangea had two parts- its northern part was known as Angaraland and its southern part as Gondwana land. The peninsular plateau of India was a part of the southern continent, i.e. Gondwana land which broke away 250 million years ago.

g. The Peninsular Plateau of India is rich in mineral resources.
The Peninsular Plateau of India is rich in mineral resources as it is made up of hard and crystalline igneous rocks.

h. Most of the rivers in South India flow into the Bay of Bengal.
Most of the rivers in South India rises in the western Ghats. As the slope of the Western Ghats is from west to east , so the rivers flow into Bay of Bengal.

i. The delta region of the Indus is largely a wasteland.
The delta region of the Indus is largely a wasteland because it is being often flooded with brackish water.

j. The coromandel coast receive most of its rainfall during winter season.
This is because its location is on the windward side of the Eastern Ghats.

k. Destruction of vegetation cover increases the soil erosion.
Vegetation cover protects the soil from erosion as the roots of the trees and plants hold the soil particles together and strengthen the soil.

l. The Brahmaputra is a braided river.
The Brahmaputra which rises in Tibet crosses a long mountainous area and carries a lot of sediments with it. When it enters the plain, it slows down and starts depositing its load in its river channel causing it to split into two or three channels forming islands in its course. Thus, it appears to form braids.

m. Damodar is called the Sorrow of Bengal.
Damodar is called the sorrow of Bengal because it gets flooded frequently and causes widespread destruction of lives and property.

o. The rivers of the Indus-Ganga plain are perennial.
Because these are the Himalayan rivers which do not depend for their supply of water on monsoon rains, but are fed all the year round by the melting snow of the Himalayas.

p. In the coastal strips of the Southern India, there are regions of good soils.
Along the eastern coastal strip, the south Indian rivers carry much water, especially, during rainy season and form large deltas before they empty their water in the sea. Thus, these deltas prove to be areas of fertile soil.

q. The Narmada and the Tapi do not form deltas.
Only sluggish rivers which carry a lot of sediments, form a delta. Such rivers travel a long distance from their origin to the mouth. In case of the Narmada and Tapi, such conditions whichare pre-requisites for the formation of delta, are not available. Their distance from origin to the Arabian Sea is very small and they do not carry much sediment also. that is why they do not form deltas, rather they form estuaries.

r. The northern plains of India are one of the most densely populated regions of the world.
The deep alluvial fertile soil and assured source of water through perennial rivers have made this plain a rich agricultural land. This source of food has made this plain one of the most densely populated regions of the world. The level and flat land suitable for transportation has also attracted population.

s. The rivers of South India are less suitable for the irrigation than the rivers of north India.
The rivers of South India are non-perennial, as been fed by rainwater and so they dry up after rainy seasons, while the rivers of north India are perennial been fed by glaciers. Therefore, the rivers of South India are less suitable for the irrigational purpose throughout the year, than the rivers of north India.

t. Less land is available for agriculture on the West Coast than on the East Coast.
On the Western coast , there are less rivers than the eastern coast. It has two major rivers, Narmada and Tapi which have no delta at their meeting point to the sea at the western coast. On the eastern coast , there are number of major rivers like Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi having the delta as well as a great extent of alluvial formation at their meeting points with the sea.
West coast is also narrow coast land whereas Eastern Ghats are further from the East coast . These Eastern Ghats are also broken and therefore it has larger land for cultivation.

u. The Ganga is navigable from its mouth upto Allahabad.
The Ganga rises from the Gangotri glacier of the Great Himalayas. The Tributaries of the river Ganga join it in its course through northern plains. the main right bank tributary Yamuna joins it at Allahabad. Hence, it is navigable from its mouth right upto Allahabad.

v. The rivers of the Deccan Plateau are non-perennial and non-navigable.
The rivers of the Deccan Plateau are non-perennial and non-navigable because they are fed by only the rainwater and been dried u after the rainy season. Furthermore, those rives flow swiftly through steep slopes, and so they are non-navigable, too.
w. Access through the Western Ghats is difficult.
Access through the Western Ghats is difficult because the hills use to rise steeply from the coastal plain.
x. The Deccan Plateau is highly dissected one.
The Deccan Plateau is dissected by many rivers like Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, etc.. The region is highly eroded with deep ravines scarring the landscape.

y. The Western Ghats are covered by thick evergreen forests while the Eastern Ghats are covered by deciduous type forests.
The Western Ghats, having more altitude than the Eastern Ghats , are standing on the wind ward side to the monsoon, and consequently gets a considerable amount of rainfall, which causes of the thicker evergreen forests. But the eastern sides does not get the great content of rainfall as it is not having the comparable higher altitude to winder the south-west monsoon. Only the retreting north-east monsoon cause a meager quantity of rainfall as it contains the lesser water-vapour than its south-west counterpart. So, the eastern coast is mainly covered with deciduous type of forests. It is well-known that the heavier rainfall will cause move evergreen forests rather than the deciduous type of forests.
z. The Rann of Kutch is not cultivated.
Rann of Kutch is a tidal flat which cannot be cultivated. It is salty and marshy as it was once a shallow part of the sea.
13.
a. The most of the south Indian rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal.
The most of the south Indian rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal because Deccan Plateau slopes from west to east.

b. Luni river in Rajasthan does not meet the sea.
River Luni which rises in the Aravallis near Jaipur, traverses the desert which is a low rainfall
region with high temperatures. Hence, it carries less water and has no tributaries. When it reachers the marshy region of Rann of Kachchh, it cannot cross it to meet the Arabian Sea, but ends its course there itself.

c. The big rivers of Peninsular India flow from west to east.
Peninsular India slopes from west to east as the lava from the fissure-erruptions occurring in the west flowed towards the east. The Western Ghats, the highest mountains in the Peninsula, also lie in its west. All the rivers, therefore, rising from the Western Ghats flow towards the east.