C4H-MINERALS - NOTES

MINERALS IN SOUTH ASIA

Mode of Occurrence of Minerals

1. The earth’s crust is made up of different minerals embedded in the rocks.

2. Various metals are extracted from these minerals after proper refinement.

3. Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.

4. All living things need minerals and life processes cannot occur without minerals.

5. The hardest mineral is diamond and the softest is talc.

6. Geologists define mineral as a “homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure.”

7. The physical and chemical condition under which the minerals are formed makes is so varied.

8. Minerals are usually found in “ores”.

9. The term ore is used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements.

10.The mineral content of the ore must be in sufficient concentration to make its extraction commercially viable.

11.The cost of extraction depends on the type of formation or structure in which minerals are found.

12.In north-east the coal mining is done by tribal family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel, known as ‘Rat-hole’ mining.

Distribution of Minerals

1. Ferrous minerals account for about three-fourths of the total value of the production of metallic minerals.

2. Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development.

3. Magnetite ore has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent.

4. Hematite iron ore is the largest used iron ore in India.

5. Hematite ore from Bailadila (hump of ox) mines are exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakapatnam port.

6. The Kudermukh (horse peak) mines located in Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit.

7. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world.

8. This ore is transported from Kudremukh as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.

9. Iron ore from Goa are exported through Marmagao port.

10.Orissa is the largest producer of manganese ores in India.

11.The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce more than half of India’s copper.

12.Bauxite is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material.

13.Bauxite is a clay-like substance from which aluminium is obtained.

14.Orissa is the largest bauxite producing state in India.

15.Mica is a mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves. Mica sheets can be so thin that a thousand can be layered into a sheet of a few centimeters high.

16.Jharkhand is the leading producer of Mica.

17.Limestone is the basic raw material for the cement industry and essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.

18.Mining activity is often called a “killer industry” due to high risks involved.

A

Q.1 What are minerals? Explain two types of minerals with one example of each.

Ans. A mineral is a natural substance of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.

Classification of minerals on the basis of chemical and physical properties:

i. Metallic Minerals : Are those minerals which contain metals and these are of two types:

a. Ferrous Minerals which contain Iron in it such as Iron, Manganese.

b. Non-Ferrous Minerals which do not contain iron such as Copper, Bauxite.

ii. Non-metallic minerals : Are those minerals which do not contain metals. They are of two types:

a. Organic Fuel Minerals which are derived from the buried animal and plant

life such as Coal and Petroleum.

b. Inorganic Minerals such as Mica, Limestone.

Q.2 What are the three characteristics of minerals which make us to conserve them?

Or

Why conservation of minerals is necessary? Give three reasons.

Ans. Minerals have certain characteristics.

i. Minerals are unevenly distributed over space.

ii. There is inverse relationship in quality and quantity of minerals i.e. good quality minerals are less in quantity as compared to low quality minerals.

iii. All minerals are exhaustible over time. These take long to develop geologically and they cannot be replenished immediately at the time of need. Thus, they have to be conserved and not misused.

Distribution of Minerals in India

Q.3 Describe the three broad belts of mineral concentration and distribution in India.

Ans. Most of the minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau region in the old crystalline rocks. Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts in India.

These belts are:

i. The North-Eastern Plateau Region : This belt covers Chotanagpur (Jharkhand), Orissa Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. Major iron and steel industry are located in this region. It has variety of minerals viz. iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica.

ii. The South-Western Plateau Region : This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and Tamil Nadu and Kerala. This belt is rich in ferrous metals such as iron ore and manganese. Bauxite and limestone are also found. Coal deposits are low. Kerala has deposits of monazite and thorium.

iii. The North-Western Region : This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat. Copper and zinc are major minerals. Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble. Gujarat is known for its petroleum deposits.

iv. Other regions :

a. The Himalayan belt is another mineral belt where copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and tungsten are known to occur. Assam valley has mineral oil deposits.

b. Mumbai High has rich oil resources in off-shore-areas.

Iron Ore

Q.4 Name two types of iron ore found in India. Describe the distribution of iron ore in India.

Ans. India has rich and abundant resources of iron ore. The two main types of ore found in our country are haematite and magnetite.

Distribution of iron ore:

i. About 95 per cent of total reserves of iron ore is located in the States of Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

a. In Orissa, iron ore occurs in Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj and Jhar.

b. In Jharkhand Poorbi and Pashchimi Singhbhum districts, Durg.

c. In Karnataka, iron ore deposits occur in Bellary district, Chikmagalur district.

d. Goa has also emerged as an important producer of iron ore.

Manganese

Q.5 What is the importance of manganese? Name four laregest producer of it.

Ans. Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used formanufacturing ferro alloys such as steel. Manganese deposits are found in Dharwarsystem. Orissa is the leading producer of Manganese. Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh are other 3 states.

Distribution of important minerals:

i. Bauxite:

a. Bauxite is the ore which is used in manufacturing of aluminium.

b. Bauxite is found mainly in peninsular India and also in the coastal tracts of the country.

c. Orissa is the largest producer of Bauxite. Jharkhand, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are other major producers.

ii. Copper :

a. Copper is an indispensable metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers and generators.

b. It is alloyable, malleable and ductile. It is also mixed with gold to provide strength to jewellery.

c. The Copper deposits mainly occur in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

iii. Mica :

a. Mica is mainly used in the electrical and electronic industries.

b. It can be split into very thin sheets which are tough and flexible.

c. Mica in India is produced in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan followed by Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.

Conventional Energy Sources:

i. Coal :

a. Coal is mainly used in the generation of thermal power and smelting of iron ore.

b. Coal occurs in rock sequences mainly of two geological ages, namely Gondwana and tertiary deposits.

c. Largest deposits of bituminous type which is of non-coking grade are found.

d. The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in Damodar Valley. They lie in Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt. Jharia is the largest coal field followed by Raniganj. The other river valleys associated with coal are Godavari, Mahanadi and Sone.

e. Tertiary coals occur in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland.

f. Besides, the brown coal or lignite occurs in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir.r y a v e e r S i n g h

ii. Petroleum :

a. Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states.

b. It is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in

automobiles, railways and aircraft.

c. Its numerous by-products are processed in petrochemical industries such as fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, medicines, vaseline, lubricants, wax, soap and cosmetics.

d. Petroleum is referred to as liquid gold because of its scarcity and diversified uses.

e. Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary period. Oldest oil well is in Digboi in Assam.

f. New oil deposits have been found at Gujarat and Mumbai High.

g. There are two types of refineries in India: (a) field based and (b) market based.

Digboi is an example of field based and Barauni is an example of market based refinery.

iii. Natural Gas:

a. The Gas Authority of India Limited transport and market natural gas.

b. Natural Gas is obtained along with oil. Gas reserves have been found in the eastern coast (Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh), as well as in Tripura, Rajasthan and off-shore wells in Gujarat and Maharashtra.

iv. Nuclear Energy Resources :

a. Nuclear energy is obtained from uranium and thorium.

b. Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks along the Singbhum Copper belt, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh.

c. Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

d. The important nuclear power projects are Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata near Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (Uttar Pradesh), Kaiga (Karnataka) and Kakarapara (Gujarat).

Non-Conventional Energy Sources

i. Solar Energy:

a. Sun rays tapped in photovoltaic cells can be converted into energy, known as solar energy.

b. The two effective processes to tap solar energy are photovoltaics and solar thermal technology.

c. Solar thermal technology has some relative advantages over all other nonrenewable energy sources.

i. It is cost competitive, environment friendly and easy to construct.

ii. Solar energy is 7 per cent more effective than coal or oil based plants and 10 per cent more effective than nuclear plants.

iii. It is generally used more in appliances like heaters, crop dryers, cookers, etc.

d. The western part of India has greater potential for the development of solar energy in Gujarat and Rajasthan.

ii. Wind Energy :

a. Wind energy is absolutely pollution free, inexhaustible source of energy.

b. The permanent wind systems such the trade winds, westerlies and seasonal wind like monsoon have been used as source of energy. Besides these, local winds, land and sea breezes can also be used to produce electricity. y a v e e r S i n g h

c. In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka, favourable conditions for wind energy exist.

d. Wind power plant at Lamba in Gujarat in Kachchh is the largest in Asia. Another, wind power plant is located at Tuticorin in Tamil Nadu.

iii. Tidal and Wave Energy :

a. Ocean currents are the store-house of infinite energy.

b. Large tidal waves are known to occur along the west coast of India.

c. Hence, India has great potential for the development of tidal energy along the coasts but so far these have not yet been utilised.

iv. Geothermal Energy :

a. When the magma from the interior of earth, comes out on the surface, tremendous heat is released. This heat energy can successfully be tapped and converted to electrical energy.

b. The hot water that gushes out through the gyser wells is also used in the generation of thermal energy. It is popularly known as Geothermal energy.

c. In India, a geothermal energy plant is at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.

v. Bio-energy :

a. Bio-energy refers to energy derived from biological products which includes agricultural residues, municipal, industrial and other wastes.

b. Bio-energy can be converted into electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking.

c. It will also process the waste and garbage and produce energy.

d. This will improve economic life of rural areas in developing countries, reduce environmental pollution, enhance self-reliance and reduce pressure on fuel wood.

e. One such project converting municipal waste into energy is Okhla in Delhi.

Differences between conventional sources of energy and non-conventional sources of energy.

i. Conventional sources of energy such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy are exhaustible raw materials whereas non-conventional sources such as solar, wind, hydro-thermal and biomass are sustainable and renewable resources.

ii. Conventional sources are unevenly distributed and polluting whereas non-conventional sources are more equitably distributed and environmental friendly.

iii. The non-conventional energy sources will provide more sustained, eco-friendly cheaper energy after the initial cost.

Conservation of Mineral Resources

i. The alternative energy sources like solar power, wind, wave, geothermal energy are inexhaustible resource. These should be developed to replace the exhaustible resources.

ii. In case of metallic minerals, use of scrap metals will enable recycling of metals. Use of scrap is especially significant in metals like copper, lead and zinc in which India’s reserves are low.

iii. Use of substitutes for scarce metals may also reduce their consumption.

iv. Export of strategic and scarce minerals must be reduced, so that the existing reserve

may be used for a longer period.

1. a. “India is rich in mineral resources.’ Justify the statement.

* Nature has richly endowed India with iron ore, both in quantity and quality. It has more than
20% of the world’s iron ore reserves.
* India is the world’s larges producer of mica and produces about 60% of the world’s production of mica.
* India is the fifth largest producer of manganese in the world.
* There is extensive and sufficient deposits of bauxite in the country

b) Suggest some measures to conserve the minerals.
* Wastage of minerals should be minimized.
* Export of minerals should be minimized.
* Modern technology should be used for the exploitation of minerals.

c. What are minerals? What is importance of minerals ?
*Mineral is a solid substance found in nature and is made up of materials other than plants or animals.
*Minerals are mainly classified as metallic and non-metallic minerals and energy Minerals
IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS: * The economic development of a country is influenced by the availability of minerals.
*Minerals form the base of several large-scale industries .
* Agriculture, too, is influenced by the availability of minerals in the form of fertilizers
* They help us to earn foreign exchange from export of minerals.
* They are used in various industries as a raw material.

d. Mention any four minerals of India.
Coal, mica, manganse and petroleum

e. MAIN MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES: THEIR USES AND LOCATION IN INDIA
MINERAL
USE
STATES/LOCATION
1. IRON (Fe)
In all machines and tools.
Orissa - Sundargarh, Keonjhar, Mayurbanj
Chhatisgarh - Bastar, Durg, Dantewara
Jharkhand - Paschim, Purbi-Singhbum
Goa
2. COAL
Fuel, raw-material for steel industry
Jammu & Kashmir, Bihar, West Bengal. Orissa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh
3. MINERAL OIL
* Fuel in aeroplane, buses, factories, etc
* basic input for petrochemical industry
Assam - Digboi, Naharkatia, Rudrasagar

Gujarat - Ankaleshwar, Koyali, Kalol
Maharashtra – Bombay High, Basin

f) Mention two advantages of Hydro-Electric Power over Coal and Petroleum. Name any two important Hydro-Electric Power stations in Karnataka. (3)
* Hydro is a renewable source of energy whereas coal and petroleum are non-renewable sources of power.
* Hydro provides clean energy whereas coal and petroleum causes pollution.
Important hydro-electic power stations of Karnataka are Tungabhadra and Srisailam.

g. What are the two types of minerals? Explain.
* Metallic minerals * Non metallic minerals
METALLIC MINERALS: Minerals from which we get metals are called metallic minerals. E.g. ores of iron, gold, copper, lead, tin
NON-METALLIC MINERALS: These are those minerals which do not contain metals. E.g. coal, petroleum, mica, manganese.

h. Name a major nor-metallic mineral of India. – MICA & LIMESTONE

i. What are conventional sources of energy?
These are non-renewable sources of energy which once used cannot be used again e.g., coal

j. Distinguish between the metallic and non-metallic minerals.

METALLIC MINERALS
NON-METALLIC MINERALS
1. Metals are malleable i.e. they can be beaten into sheets.
1. Non-metals are brittle in nature.
2. Metals are ductile i.e. they can be drawn into wires.
2. Non-metals are not ductile.
3. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
3. Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and electricity except graphite.

k. Distinguish between the commercial and non-commercial energy sources.
COMMERCIAL ENERGY
NON COMMERCIAL ENERGY
1. Those sources of energy which are used by the people for commercial purposes.
1. Those sources of energy which are used by the people for home consumption.
2. The use of commercial source of energy can be used as an indicator of economic development of the country.
2. The use of non-commercial source of energy can be used as an indicator of living standard of the country.
3. For eg. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydro-electricity.
3. For eg. Fire wood, charcoal and agricultural waste.

l. Distinguish between the conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
1. These are non-renewable sources of energy. e.g., coal and petroleum
1. These are renewable sources of energy. e.g., solar energy, wind energy
2. These are going to last just for 100-200 years.
2. These are going to last for ever.
3. These cause air and water pollution.
3. These do not cause any pollution.

m. Distinguish between natural gas and bio gas
NATURAL GAS
BIO GAS
1. It is a mixture of combustable, gaseous hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons occurring frequently with petroleum in the rocks of the earth’s crust.
1. Bio-gas is formed by the decomposition of animal and plants waste with the help of micro-organisms in the presence of water.
2. It is used as a raw material in the petro-chemical industry.
2. It is used as a fuel and for lighting homes.
3. It is transported from one place to another through pipe lines.
3. This gas is produced commercially in tanks by manure.


n. The distribution of mineral deposits in India is uneven. How does it affect industrial development in the country?
The minerals are the backbone of industry. There are mainly no minerals in northern part of the country. So this part is backward in industry. These are mainly agricultural states. Jharkhand and Orissa have rich resources of minerals so they are also rich in industry.

o. Why there is need to conserve minerals?
* Minerals are limited.
* Minerals are basic component of economic development.
* Alternative sources of energy have not developed in most of the countries.

p. What are power resources? In India, which power resources we can find?
Coa, Petroleum, water, nuclear products etc are main power resources. South Asia is rich in water, coal but very poor in petroleum. As water and coal is sufficient in India, so power generation become possible to the maximum extent.
MANGANESE
2.a. Name two states in India where manganese is found. State one use of manganese.
Orissa, , Madhya Pradesh,. Andhra Pradesh
Manganse is used in making ferro-manganese alloy and in the manufacture of bleaching powder.

b. Why is Manganese considered to be an important mineral for industrial purposes? (2)
Manganese is used in production of steel. It makes steel strong, removes impurities and makes it immune to rusting.

c. A mineral X is used for making iron and steel. It increases the strength of steel. Identify the mineral.
Which country of South Asia is the leading producer of that mineral?
Mineral X is manganese. India is the leading producer of manganese.

d. Where is Manganese found in South Asia?
In South Asia, manganese is found in India and Pakistan.

e. Manganese is which type of mineral and where we can find it?
Manganese is ferro alloy mineral, used in making steel.
In South Asia, India is a primarily producer of manganese. Pakistan also produces some manganese. In India we can find manganese in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal. Orissa produces largest manganese (40%) and Karnataka produces 30% manganese.

MICA

3.a. State the leading producer of mica in South Asia. (2)
India – Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh in India.

b. Mica is which kind of mineral and where can we find it?
Mica is non-metallic mineral.
India is the largest producer of mica in South Asia. In India, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh , Bihar produces most of mica. Sri Lanka also produces some mica.


COPPER

4.a. What is the position of India in copper production?
India is the leading producer of copper in South Asia. In India, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh produce copper. Pakistan also produces some copper.

LIMESTONE

5.a. Name an area of limestone in Srilanka. Mention two uses of limestone. (3)
Jaffna is an area of limestone in Sri Lanka.
Two uses of limestone are:
i) used in cement
ii) used in chemical glass.

b. Name any 2 areas in Pakistan where limestone is found. (2)
Salt Range and Quetta

c. Limestone is which type of mineral? What is the position of India in Limestone production? Except India, where we can find it?
Limestone is not-metallic mineral.
India is the largest producer of limestone in South Asia. In 2001-02, India produced 130 million tones of limestone.
Almost all states have limestone, mainly in Bihar, Orissa, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharasthra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.

d. Name two main states where limestone is fond in India.
Limestone is found in Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

IRON ORE

6.a. Which South Asian country is the largest producer of iron ore? Mention any two uses of iron.
India is the largest producer of iron ore in South Asia.
· It is the backbone of modern industry.Iron is used in the manufacture of iron and steel.
· It is also used in the manufacture of machines, agricultural implements, nails, wires, etc.
· It is used in making alloy steels.

b. State the SAARC COUNTRY which has the largest iron ore reserves. Mention two states in the country named by you, where the reserves are abundant. (3)
India has the largest iron ore reserves.
i) Goa ii) Jharkhand iii. Bihar iv. Orissa

c. Mention any three features of iron ore deposits in India. (3)
* India is fairly rich in iron deposits.
* The quality of iron ore found in India is also one of the best in the world.
* Haematite, magnetite and limonite varieties of iron ore are found in India.

d) State the SAARC country which has the largest Iron ore reserves . Mention two states in the country named by you, where the reserves are abundant. (3)
India is the largest producer of iron in the SAARC countries. Goa and Jharkhand are the states which are the leading producer of iron ore.

e. Name the different types of iron found in India. Name any two iron ore belts. (3)
Magnatite and Haematite, limonite, siderite
Orissa – Jharkhand belt
Durg – Bastar – Chandrapur belt.

f. A mineral X is used for making iron and steel. It increases the strength of steel. Identify the mineral. Which country of South Asia is the leading producer of that mineral?
Mineral X is manganese. India is the leading producer of manganese.

g. Which is the best quality iron ore? Mention its two characteristics. (2)
Magnatite
* It contains more than 70% of iron.
*It has excellent magnetic qualities.

h. Name different types of iron found in India. (2)
Magnatite and Haematite, limonite, siderite

j. Mention one place in Nepal where iron ore is found.
Godavari, south of Kathmandu

k. Name one area in Orissa and one area in Chaatisgarh where iron ore is mined.
Orissa – Mayurbhanj, Sundargarh
Chattisgarh – Bailadila in Bastar district,

l. Name a few areas where iron-ore is found.
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka

m. Which Indian state leads in the production of iron ore? Name any 4 centres of iron inGoa.
Goa. It accounts for nearly 27% of the iron output in India.
Sahqualim, Sanguem, Satari, Ponda

m. Which Indian state ranks second after Goa in the production of iron-ore? Give the important iron-ore fields in the state.
Jharkhand. The important iron-ore fields are Singhbum and Palamau

n. List the important iron-ore fields in the state of Orissa.
Sundargarh, Mayurbhanj, Cuttack, Koraput, Keonjhar, Badamphar, Kirburu, Bohnai

o. Which Indian states are rich in iron-ore production?
Orissa, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Goa, Tamil Nadu

p. Which two districts of Chhattisgarh are the leading producers of iron ore?
Bastar and Durg

q. Name any two countries to which iron ore is exported.
Japan, Korea, European and Gulf countries.

r. State the SAARC country which has the largest iron ore reserves. Mention two states in the country named by you, where the reserves are abundant.
India is the largest producer of iron ore in South Asia. Goa, Jharkand, Karnataka

7.a. What is an ore?
A naturally occurring deposit which contains a mineral or minerals in sufficient concentration to justify commercial exploitation, e.g. Bauxite is ore of Aluminium.

b. Name the major iron ore belts of India with one important characteristics of each.
The major iron ore belts in India are”
1. ORISSA-JHARKHAND BELT: This belt is the leading producer of iron ore found in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. Palaman and Singhbhum districtsof Jharkhand are the important producers of haematite iron ore.
2. DURG-BASTAR-CHANDARPUR: The belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The belt is known for high grade haematites which is found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. It is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.
3. BELLARY-CHITRADURGA-CHIKMANGLUR-TUMKUR – The belt is in Karnataka. It has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudrekukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world.
4. MAHARASHTRA-GOA BELT: Thisbelt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Though the ores are not of very high quality yet they are efficiently exploited. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.

c. Give an account of distribution of iron ore in India.
India has rich resources of iron ore, both in quantity and quality. It has more than 20% of the world’s iron ore reserves. There are four varieties of iron ore which are available in India i.e. haematite, limonite, magnetite and Siderite. Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Goa and Karnataka are the leading producers of iron ore in India.

d. Name two types of iron ore found in India. Describe the distribution of iron ore in India.

Ans. India has rich and abundant resources of iron ore. The two main types of ore found in our country are haematite and magnetite.

i. Magnetite:

a. It is the finest iron ore.

b. It has a very high content of iron up to 70 per cent.

c. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry.

ii. Hematite:

a. This ore is the most important industrial iron ore.

b. It is the largest used iron ore in terms of the quantity.

c. It has slightly lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60 per cent).

Distribution of iron ore:

i. About 95 per cent of total reserves of iron ore is located in the States of Orissa,

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

a. In Orissa, iron ore occurs in Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj and Jhar.

b. In Jharkhand Poorbi and Pashchimi Singhbhum districts, Durg.

c. In Karnataka, iron ore deposits occur in Bellary district, Chikmagalur district.

d. Goa has also emerged as an important producer of iron ore.

Q.8. Name five largest iron ore producing states of India.

Ans. The five largest iron producing states are Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Goa and Jharkhand.

Q.9. Describe the four major iron ore belts in India.

Ans. The four major iron ore belts are:

i. Orissa-Jharkhand belt : high grade hematite ore is found.

Important mines are Badampahar and Singbhum mines.

ii. Durg-Bastar belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra: Very high grade hematites are found. Famous mine are Bailadila which produces iron best suited for steel making.

iii. Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur-Tumkur belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore.

iv. Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.

COAL

8.a. Which is the best quality of coal? Name two states of India where it is found.
Anthracite is the best variety of coal. It is found in Jammu and Kashmir.

b. Why is it called black gold? Name one state where it is found in India (3)
It is called black gold because of its high utility as a source of energy and as a raw material for a large
number of Industries.
State: Jharkhand, West Bengal, Orissa, M.P., Chhatisgarh and Andhra Pradesh

c. Name the four types of coal. Which is the best for industrial purposes? Justify your answer. (3)
Anthracite – (90% carbon) : It is jet black in colour and burns slowly without smoke or soot. It is clean to handle and has a high heating value.
Bituminous coal (50-80% carbon) : Coke required for smelting of iron ore is derived from bituminous coal.
Lignite (40% carbon) : It is brown or brownish in colour. It has large quantities of ash and
moisture. Its by-products can funish several materials for industries.
Peat - It is considered to be inferior to other three varieties due to least carbon content.
Anthracite coal is the best for industrial purpose because it has high heating value and burns without smoke..

d. How the India coal field have been classified? Mention any three features of Gondwana coal fields of India. (3)
The India coal fields have been classified as : i) Gondwana coal fields ii) Tertiary coal fields.
* It accounts for about 98% of the total reserve and 99% of the total coal production in
India.
· These coal fields occur mostly in the river valleys such as Damodar, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Narmada
· The Gondwana coal is a luminated bituminous coal within which dull and bright layers alternate..
· It is about 250 million years old.
· Gondwana coal is almost free from moisture but it contains variable quantities of sulphur and phosphorous. In general, Gondwana coal is good steam or gas coal.

e. Give India’s ranking in the world after China and USA in production of coal. Which state produces the most coal? Also name the main coal fields of this state.
India ranks third in the world after China and USA in production of coal.
Jharkhand.
The main coal fields are Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpura, Ramgarh and Girdih

f. Mention any two uses of coal.
* Manufacturing or iron and Steel & variety of chemicals depend upon the availability of coal.
* It is used for power generation.

g. Name any four Indian states where coal is found. (3)
Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh

h. Distinguish between Gondwana and tertiary coalfields.
GONDWANA COAL FIELD
TERTIARY COAL FIELD
1. It accounts for 98% of the total reserves and 99% of the total coal production in India.

1. It has very less reserves.
2. These are 250 million years old.
2. These are 15 to 60 million years old.
3. These coal mines provide superior quality coal.
3. These provide inferior coal.
4. less moisture compared to Tertiary coal.
4. higher moisture content and more sulphur.

i. State two main draw backs of the coal found in India. (2)
* The distribution of coal is unevern. This involves high transport cost to carry heavy commodity
like coal over long distances.
* Indian coal has high ash content and low calorific value.
* The coal seams are too thin (0.5m thick only) to allow modern machinery to work on them.
* Obsolete methods of mining, in most of the coal mines, reduces the total output.

j. What are the four varieties of coal? (3)
a) Anthracite (90% carbon) b) Bituminous (50-80% carbon) c) Lignite (40% carbon)

k.) Name an important coal producing state in India and a coal-mine located in that state.
The important coal producing state in India are :
i) Jharkhand - important mines are Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih
ii) Orissa – important mines ae Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, Sundargarh

l) Classify the Coal-fields in India. Name one State for each classification. (2)
GONDWANA COAL FIELS : i) Jharkhand – Jharia
ii) Bihar – Chandrapura
iii) West Bengal – Raniganj
iv) Chhattisgarh – Korba

TERTIARY COAL FIELDS : i) Assam – Nazira
ii) Rajasthan – Palna

m. Name an important coal producing state in India and a coal-mine located in that state.(2)
The important coal producing state in India are:
i) Jharkhand – important mines are Jharia, Bokaro and Giridih
ii) Orissa – Dhenkanal, Sambalpur, Sundargarh are important coal mines.

n. i) Which quality of coal is best for industrial purposes? - Anthracite

ii) Name a region of India where coal is found? - Gondwana coal fields, Jammu and Kashmir

iii) Which is the most popular coal for commercial use? - Bituminous

iv) Which is the largest producer of coal in South Asia? - India

v) Which is the poorest quality of coal? - Peat is the poorest quality of coal. Bihar

vi) Which are the two richest and oldest coalfields of India? - Jharia and Raniganj. They are in Bihar

vii) Which state is the largest producer of coal? - Jharkhand state

viii) Which state is major producer of Anhracite and Bituminous? - Anthracite – Jammu and Kashmir
Bituminous – Jharkhand and Orissa
ix. Name the largest coalfield in India - Lower Gondwana coalfield is the largest coalfield

o. Name the states where Gondwana coal is found.
Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashrtra, Andhra Pradesh

p. Name the main coal fields in the states of West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
Jharkhand - Jharia, Bokaro, giridih
West Bengal –Raniganj
Orissa - Raigarh, Talcher, Sonhat and Sambhalpur, Sundargarh, Dhenkanal
Andhra Pradesh – Singhareni, Kothagudem and Tandur
Maharashtra – Umrer, Kamptee and Wardha
Madhya radish – Chindwara and Singrauli

q. Name the states which tertiary coal fields are found.
Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir

r. Which state has maximum deposits of tertiary coal?
Tamil Nadu

s. Which INDIAN State supplies coal to Bangladesh?
West Bengal

t. Why are tertiary coal fields considered inferior? Name two states, one from North India and one from South India having such reserves.
Such reserves have a less carbon content since they are new and young.
North – Riasi/Lakhimpur
South – Neyveli

u. What is lignite? Name one place in India where it is mined.
Lignite is a brown coal with high moisture and low carbon content.
Tamil Nadu - Neyveli

v. Name two states with large deposits of coal. Name the coalfields in the states that you have named.
West Bengal – Raniganj Jharkhand – Jaria

9.a. What are the advantages of the anthracite coal?
It has a carbon content of 90 percent and burns slowly without smoke. it burns for a long time and leaves very little ash behind.

b. Which type of coal has the maximum carbon contents? Which coal variety has the least carbon contents? Which type of coal is used for smelting iron-ore? Which type of coal has a large quantities of ash and moisture?
* Maximum carbon contents - Anthracite (more than 80 % carbon)
* Least carbon content - Peat
* used for smelting iron-ore - Bituminous
* coal that has large quantities of moisture and ash - Lignite

c. Which is the most important source of power in India? - Coal

d. ‘Coal plays major role in the industrialization process”. Justify the statement by giving two examples.
* It is the main source of energy. More than 60% of commercial energy is obtained from coal.
* It is used as basic input in iron and steel industry.

e. Name any four major centres of coal mining in South India.
# Adilabad # Karimnagar # Warrangal # Khamman

f. Name two centres of coal mining of the following states: West Bengal and Maharashtra
WEST BENGAL – Raniganj and Daling Kot
MAHARASHTRA – Kamptee and Wardha Valley

g. Which varierty of coal is used for the production of coke and gas ? Name a state of India where it is found.
Bituminous is used for the production of coke and gas. It is found in Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal

h. How coal is powerful power resource?
Coal is used in generation of electric power in thermal plants. In railways, coal is used for locomotion. It is most important raw material for various industries. In this way, it is powerful power resources.

i. Describe in detail coal under the following heads: i) Distribution of coal in India
ii) Demerits of Indian coal (any two) iii) Need of conservation of coal.
i. Nearly three fourth of the coal deposits are located in the Damodar river valley. The places are
Raniganj, Jharia, Giridih, Bokaro and Karanpura
The other river valleys associated with coal deposits are the Godavari, Mahaadi, Son, and Wardha.
The coal fiels of Singreni in Andhra Pradesh, Talcher in Orissa and Chanda in Maharashtra are also
very famous.

ii. DEMERITS OF INDIAN COAL:
* The quality of coal required for producing coke as an essential input in steel industry is deficient.
* the Indian coal has high ash content and low carorific value.

iii. NEED OF CONSERVATION OF COAL:
· Because it is a non-renewable resource.
· It is backbone of industrialization process.

10.a. Name some countries which are the main producers of coal.
India and Pakistan are the main producers of coal.

b. In Pakistan, where we find coal? Which type of coal we find in Pakistan?
In Pakistan, we find coal in Baluchistan, Mack field and Koistan region of western Sind.
In Pakistan, we find sub-bituminous and lignite varieties of coal.

c. Which type of coal we find in Bangladesh? In which part of Bangladesh , coal is found?
In Bangladesh, we found poor quality coal. (Pete and lignite)
In Sylhet, Tippera, Mymensingh and Faridpur discticts we find coal in Bangladesh.

d. What steps should be taken to conserve coal?
Following steps should be taken to conserve coal.
i) Wastage of coal should be prevented by discouraging selective mining.
ii) New reserves of coal are needed to be explored.
iii) New technology should be adopted in mining, production and use of coal.
iv) Inferior coal should be blended with superior quality coal.
v) Private sector investment in the coal mining should be encouraged.

e. Explain why coal is often used near the source of production and mineral oil is often transported to great distances.
Coal is often used near the source of production because it is found abundantly in many regions in India which is sufficient for various industries and power plants.
Mineral oil is often transported to great distances because a major part of its requirement is met through import. So, it has to be transported from the port to the refineries.

f. How is the poor quality Indian coal being utilized?
The poor quality Indian coal, specified as Lignite is used mainly in combustion in the industries of fertilizers, paints, chemicals, etc.
Another poor quality coal, the Peat, is usually used as fuel in households and various small-scale or cottage industries.



g. What are the uses of coal?
* Coal is known as the basic source of energy. It plays an important role in the growth of industries. The electricity (Thermal Power) is generated by coal.
* Our Railway system is still dependent on coal.
* Coal is not only used as energy resources, but also it is used as a raw material in smelting iron ore.


PETROLEUM
11.a. Briefly mention how petroleum is obtained?
Petroleum is being obtained from the sedimentary rocks. It is formed from the organic decomposition of the remais of marine products deposited in silt or mud inside the sea bed for a long period of time. The pressure due to overlying sediments along with the movements of earth converts the silt and mud into rock and the afore-originated pores with the rock are occupied by the organic remains. High heat and pressure changes those organic remains into mineral oil and natural gas.

b. Why does India have to import mineral oil? (2)
* Less reserves as compared to production.
* Increasing number of automobiles and industries day-by-day.
* Lack of technology and capital for exploiting the present reserves.

c. Why petroleum is called mineral oil? (2)
The word ‘petroleum’ has been derived from two latin words ‘petro’ meaning rock and ‘Oleam’ meaning oil. It is obtained from rocks, particularly sedimentary rocks of the earth. So it is called mineral oil.

d. Distribution of mineral-oil in India. (2)
Assam : It is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields are:
i) Digboi: It is the oldest oil field of India.
ii) Naharkatiya: It is located in S.W. Digboi . Rudrasagar, Sib, Sagar are other oil fields of Assam.

e. Name two important oil fields in India. (2)
Mumbai High (Mahrarashtra), Ankaleshwar, Digboi, Maharkatla, Rudrasagar, Numati, Hansapang and Morah (Assam), Koyali, Kosamba and Kolar (Gujarat).

f. Name two centres in North-East of India where petroleum is found. Which is the largest petroleum producing country in South Asia?
Digboi and Naharkatiya are two centres in North-East of India where petroleum is found.
India is the largest producer of mineral oil in South Asia.

g. Name two regions in Pakistan where petroleum is found.
Two regions in Pakistan where petroleum is found are –
i) Khaur
ii) Potwar Plateau
iii) Chakwal
iv) Dhulian




f) State the conditions necessary for the formation of Natural Gas. Mention two advantages of using Natural gas as a source of energy.
Natural gas accompanies petroleum accumulations. Whenever a well for is drilled, it is natural gas which is available before oil is truck. Natural gas is formed under the earth by the decomposition of vegetable matter lying under water. The decomposition is carried out by anaerobic bacteria in the absence of oxygen.
ADVANTAGES:
* It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
* It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
* For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
* It is easy to transport gas through pipe lines.

g) Mention two products of an Oil refinery. Name two Oil refineries in India, one along the coast and one away from the coast. (2)
Two products of an oil refinery are – Natural Gas and LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas)
Oil refinery along the coast – Vishakapatnam
Oil refinery away from the coast - Bongaigon

h. Where is petroleum found in the earth’s crust?
Petroleum is found in sedimentary rocks.

j. Which two India states are leaders in oil production? Name an oil field from each of these.
Assam – Digboi/Naharkatia/Moran
Gujarat – Ankleshwar/Kalol

k. Why are petroleum refineries located near the coast of India. Name two of its by-products.
Two-thirds of the petroleum required is imported, thus refineries are near the coast.
By-products – Lubricants/kerosene/caselene/tar

l. What is Off-Shore Drilling? What is Bombay High?
The drilling which has been carried out not in the main land but along the sea-shore line, i.e. drilling at the submerged portion of the sea-shore, is called off-shore drilling.
Bombay High is the most productive oil field which is 176 km off Mumbai in the Arabian Sea. Oil was discovered by ONGC in 1974.It is the largest reserve of natural gas and mineral oil in India. The drilling functions has been happening here along the off-shore line. Two refineries has ben established there to minimize the cost of transporting the crude oil towards the refinieries.

m. Name the following: a) A private sector oil refinery - Reliance Petroleum Limited.
ii) A joint sector oil refinery - Mangalore Refienry and Petro-chemical Limited

n. Name the two main belts of India where oil is found.
i) The Assam-Arakan belt which runs from extreme north-east of Assam to the eastern border of the
Brahmaputra and Surma Valley.
ii) The Gujarat Cambay belt which extends from Mahesana (Gujarat) in the north to the continental shelf
off the coast of Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) in the south.




o. Mention two uses of mineral oil. Name an old and new mineral oil producing area.
* It is used to generate thermal power..
* It is used as a lubricating agent and is used as raw material for various petro-chemical
products.
* Petrol and diesel obtained from mineral oil are used as fuels for automobiles, aircrafts
and railway engines.
* Kerosene oil, by-product of petroleum is used as a domestic fuel.
* It gives several valuable by-products such as lubricants, terylene, paraffin wax, tar and
Vaseline.

Old – Digboi New – Mumbai High

p. Name one important oil field each in Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Oil field in Bangladesh - Sylhet
Oil field in Pakistan - Khaur

q. Demand for petrol and petroleum products is increasing. Why?
# It is one of major sources of commercial energy.
# Due to increased pace of industrialization in South Asian countries.

r. Which region is the largest producer of petroleum in India? Name the refinery where the production is refined?
Mumbai High is the largest producer of mineral oil. It produces more than 60% of the total production. The mineral oil obtained from the region is refined in Trombay.

s. Name the agency which explores mineral oil in India.
The Oil and Natural Gas Commission. (ONGC)

t. With reference to Bombay High oil field, answer the following:
i) Where is it located? Ii) Name the platform designed? iii) When was it found?
i) It is located on the continental shelf of the coast of Maharashtra about 176 km north-west of Mumbai.
ii) Sagar Samrat
iii) In 1974

u. With reference to Indian oil fields , name

i) Any two oil fields of North East India. - NORTH-EAST – Digboi and Naharkatiya

ii) Any two oil fields of Western India. - WESTERN INDIA – Ankleshwar and Kalol

iii)Any two off shore oil fields of India. - OFF SHORE OIL FIELD – Mumbai High and Basin

iv. Oldest oilfield in India - Digboi oilfield situated in Lakhimur district of Assam

v. Two coastal oil refineries - Trombay Refinery (BPCL) in Gujarat in West Coast
Barauni Refinery - east coast of India

vi . Two important oil fields - Digboi in Assam, Kalol in Gujarat
vii. Two important oil belts - Assam-Arakan belt and Gujarat Cambay belt
Digboi oilfield situated in Lakhimpur district of upper Assam

BAUXITE

12.a. Which country in South Asia is the largest producer of bauxite? Why is bauxite considered an important mineral?
India is the largest producer of Bauxite. Bauxite is considered an important mineral as
· The mineral bauxite has various used in refining kerosene, abrasives and cement.
· it is light and is rust-resistant material
· It is good conductor of electricity.
· used in air crafts
· used in automobiles and aluminium industry
· alluminium has a variety of applications from domestic to industrial.
b. Name some bauxite producing states.
Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka

c. In Pakistan, at which place we find out bauxite?
At Hazara, and Sibi in Baluchistan we found bauxite.

d. Name one district each of Goa and Gujarat where bauxite is found.
Bauxite is found in Panaji in Goa and Jamnagar in Gujarat.

IMPORTANT POINTS
· India is rich with minerals.
· Metallic minerals are obtained from igneous and metamorphic rocks. eg iron ore, bauxite, copper, gold etc
· Non metallic minerals include limestone, gypsum, diamonds, potassium etc
· India got 7th position in production of manganese.
· Mica is non-metallic mineral.
· Singbhumi district of Bihar in India is the leading producer of copper.
· We get aluminium from bauxite ore.
· Petroleum is fossil fuel.
· Goa produces about 27% of Iron ore in India.
· Manganese is Ferro alloy mineral.
· In Pakistan copper is found in Baluchistan.
· coal, petroleum, water and nuclear products are power resources.
· India has about 762 million tones of petroleum.
· ONGC discovered oil near Mumbai in 194.
· Lime stone is used in the cement industry.
· Pete and lignite are poor quality coal.
· Digboi, Naharkatiya, Rudrasagar, Nunmati are in Assam.
· The capacity of coal to give energy depends upon its carbon content.
· Anthracite is a superior quality coal having 90 per cent carbon content.
· The coal fields of India are divided into two groups , namely i0 gondwana coal-fields, ii) Tertiary Coal-fields
· About 99 per cent of the total coal production in India is from the Gondwana coalfields.
· There are 12 refineries in India where crude petroleum is refined.
· The main oil-fields in India are: i) Bombay High
ii) Oil-fields or Western region which include Ankaleshwar, Kosamba, Koyali, Kathana, Kalor, Navgaon, Sanand in Gujarat
iii) Oil-fields of Eastern region which include Digboi, Rudra Sagar, Nunmati, Naharkatla, Hansapung and Bappapung in Assam.




MAIN MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES: THEIR USES AND LOCATION IN INDIA

MINERAL
USE
STATES/LOCATION
1. Iron ore
In all machines and tools
Orissa - Sundargarh, Keonjhar,, Mayurbhanj
Chhatisgarh - Bastar, Durg and Dantewara
Jharkhand – Paschim , Purbi-Singhbum
2. Coal
Fuel, raw-material for steel industry
Jammu & Kashmir, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh
3. Mineral Oil
* Fuel in aeroplanes, railways,buses, factories, etc
* Basic input for petrochemical industry
* to generate thermal power..
* as a lubricating agent
*as raw material for various petro-chemical products.
* Kerosene oil, by-product of petroleum is used as a domestic fuel.
* It gives several valuable by-products such as lubricants, terylene, paraffin wax, tar and vaseline.

Assam: Digboi, Naharkatia, Rudrasagar
Gujarat: Ankaleshwar, Koyali, Kalol

Maharashtra: Bombay-High
4. Natural Gas
Fuel, raw-material for petrochemical industry
Bombay-High, Gujarat, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Rajasthan
5. Bauxite
* refining kerosene, abrasives, cement
* light and rust-resistant material
* good conductor of electricity
Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Karnataka
6. Manganese
Manganse is used in making ferro-manganese alloy and in the manufacture of bleaching powder.


Orissa, , Madhya Pradesh,. Andhra Pradesh

MI