C4G-MINERALS IN SOUTH ASIA - PETROLEUM

PETROLEUM

•Important fossil fuel – south Asia-deficient
•Spend huge amount of valuable foreign currency to import crude oil
•India and Pakistan – important producers
•Some oil and natural gas are also found in Bangladesh

INDIA

•Has about 0.5% of world’s petroleum reserves amount to about 762 million tonnes
•Oil- first discovered in Inida at Makum in North East in Assam in 1867.
•More were discovered in different parts of the county.


Main Areas:
1.Off shore sea near Mumbai
2.Digboi, Naharkatiya, Rudra Sagar and Nunmati in Assam
3.Ankleshwar, Koyali, Kalor and Navgaon in Gujarat

1. Oil fields in the Eastern Region

•Oil – first discovered in Makuk (Assam)in 1867,
•First well – drilled- DIGBOI in Lakhimpur district of Upper Assam
•Other centres of oil in Assam are at Bappapung, Hansapung, Naharkatiya and Moaran

2. Oil Fields in the Western Region

•In the Western Region, the oil fields are scattered over a large area from Rajasthan to Maharasthra.
•Some areas-Ajmleshwar, Nawagaon, Kalol, Kosamba, Sanand, Kathana

3. Bombay High

•ONGC- discovered oil on the continental shelf area off the coast of Maharashtra about 176 km North West of Mumbai in 1974
•Structure containing oil in Mumbai High and Bassein basins named Sagar Samrat, are spread over 2500 km
•Prodn started in 1976
•Another structure HIRA is also in operation
•Region produces 1/3rd of crude oil output of India, - it is refined in the refineries of Trombay.

OTHER AREAS

•Cauvery, Krishna, Godavari basins.
•Possibility of oil- in Coramandel continental shelf area, Sunderban delta of Sher area and Gulf of Cambay region
•Important refineries are at Cochin, Chennai, Vishakhapattnam, Haldia and Barauni




LET US REVISE:
a. Briefly mention how petroleum is obtained?
Petroleum is being obtained from the sedimentary rocks. It is formed from the organic decomposition of the remais of marine products deposited in silt or mud inside the sea bed for a long period of time. The pressure due to overlying sediments along with the movements of earth converts the silt and mud into rock and the afore-originated pores with the rock are occupied by the organic remains. High heat and pressure changes those organic remains into mineral oil and natural gas.

b. Why does India have to import mineral oil? (2)
* Less reserves as compared to production.
* Increasing number of automobiles and industries day-by-day.
* Lack of technology and capital for exploiting the present reserves.

c. Why petroleum is called mineral oil? (2)
The word ‘petroleum’ has been derived from two latin words ‘petro’ meaning rock and ‘Oleam’ meaning oil. It is obtained from rocks, particularly sedimentary rocks of the earth. So it is called mineral oil.

d. Distribution of mineral-oil in India. (2)
Assam : It is the oldest oil producing state of India. Major oil fields are:
i) Digboi: It is the oldest oil field of India.
ii) Naharkatiya: It is located in S.W. Digboi . Rudrasagar, Sib, Sagar are other oil fields of Assam.

e. Name two important oil fields in India. (2)
Mumbai High (Mahrarashtra), Ankaleshwar, Digboi, Maharkatla, Rudrasagar, Numati, Hansapang and Morah (Assam), Koyali, Kosamba and Kolar (Gujarat).

f. Name two centres in North-East of India where petroleum is found. Which is the largest petroleum producing country in South Asia?
Digboi and Naharkatiya are two centres in North-East of India where petroleum is found.
India is the largest producer of mineral oil in South Asia.

g. Name two regions in Pakistan where petroleum is found.
Two regions in Pakistan where petroleum is found are –
i) Khaur
ii) Potwar Plateau
iii) Chakwal
iv) Dhulian

f) State the conditions necessary for the formation of Natural Gas. Mention two advantages of using Natural gas as a source of energy.
Natural gas accompanies petroleum accumulations. Whenever a well for is drilled, it is natural gas which is available before oil is truck. Natural gas is formed under the earth by the decomposition of vegetable matter lying under water. The decomposition is carried out by anaerobic bacteria in the absence of oxygen.
ADVANTAGES:
* It can be used both as a source of energy and also as an industrial raw material in petro-chemical industry.
* It takes less time to build a power plant based on natural gas.
* For Indian agriculture, it has a capacity to boost its production through the building of fertilizer plants based on natural gas.
* It is easy to transport gas through pipe lines.

g) Mention two products of an Oil refinery. Name two Oil refineries in India, one along the coast and one away from the coast. (2)
Two products of an oil refinery are – Natural Gas and LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas)
Oil refinery along the coast – Vishakapatnam
Oil refinery away from the coast - Bongaigon

h. Where is petroleum found in the earth’s crust?
Petroleum is found in sedimentary rocks.

j. Which two India states are leaders in oil production? Name an oil field from each of these.
Assam – Digboi/Naharkatia/Moran
Gujarat – Ankleshwar/Kalol

k. Why are petroleum refineries located near the coast of India. Name two of its by-products.
Two-thirds of the petroleum required is imported, thus refineries are near the coast.
By-products – Lubricants/kerosene/caselene/tar

l. What is Off-Shore Drilling? What is Bombay High?
The drilling which has been carried out not in the main land but along the sea-shore line, i.e. drilling at the submerged portion of the sea-shore, is called off-shore drilling.
Bombay High is the most productive oil field which is 176 km off Mumbai in the Arabian Sea. Oil was discovered by ONGC in 1974.It is the largest reserve of natural gas and mineral oil in India. The drilling functions has been happening here along the off-shore line. Two refineries has ben established there to minimize the cost of transporting the crude oil towards the refinieries.

m. Name the following: a) A private sector oil refinery - Reliance Petroleum Limited.
ii) A joint sector oil refinery - Mangalore Refienry and Petro-chemical Limited

n. Name the two main belts of India where oil is found.
i) The Assam-Arakan belt which runs from extreme north-east of Assam to the eastern border of the
Brahmaputra and Surma Valley.
ii) The Gujarat Cambay belt which extends from Mahesana (Gujarat) in the north to the continental shelf off the coast of Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) in the south.

o. Mention two uses of mineral oil. Name an old and new mineral oil producing area.
* It is used to generate thermal power..
* It is used as a lubricating agent and is used as raw material for various petro-chemical
products.
* Petrol and diesel obtained from mineral oil are used as fuels for automobiles, aircrafts
and railway engines.
* Kerosene oil, by-product of petroleum is used as a domestic fuel.
* It gives several valuable by-products such as lubricants, terylene, paraffin wax, tar and
Vaseline.

Old – Digboi New – Mumbai High

p. Name one important oil field each in Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Oil field in Bangladesh - Sylhet
Oil field in Pakistan - Khaur

q. Demand for petrol and petroleum products is increasing. Why?
# It is one of major sources of commercial energy.
# Due to increased pace of industrialization in South Asian countries.

r. Which region is the largest producer of petroleum in India? Name the refinery where the production is refined?
Mumbai High is the largest producer of mineral oil. It produces more than 60% of the total production. The mineral oil obtained from the region is refined in Trombay.

s. Name the agency which explores mineral oil in India.
The Oil and Natural Gas Commission. (ONGC)

t. With reference to Bombay High oil field, answer the following:
i) Where is it located? Ii) Name the platform designed? iii) When was it found?
i) It is located on the continental shelf of the coast of Maharashtra about 176 km north-west of Mumbai.
ii) Sagar Samrat
iii) In 1974

u. With reference to Indian oil fields , name

i) Any two oil fields of North East India. - NORTH-EAST – Digboi and Naharkatiya

ii) Any two oil fields of Western India. - WESTERN INDIA – Ankleshwar and Kalol

iii)Any two off shore oil fields of India. - OFF SHORE OIL FIELD – Mumbai High and Basin

iv. Oldest oilfield in India - Digboi oilfield situated in Lakhimur district of Assam

v. Two coastal oil refineries - Trombay Refinery (BPCL) in Gujarat in West Coast
Barauni Refinery - east coast of India

vi . Two important oil fields - Digboi in Assam, Kalol in Gujarat

vii. Two important oil belts - Assam-Arakan belt and Gujarat Cambay belt
Digboi oilfield situated in Lakhimpur district of upper Assam

V. What are the uses of petroleum in India?

Ans. Petroleum is the next major energy source in India after coal.

i. It provides fuel for heat and lighting,

ii. It is used as lubricants for machinery

iii. It is raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.

iv. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.

W. Name important oil fields of India.

Ans. Mineral oil is produced from:

i. About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai High,

ii. 18 per cent comes from Gujarat and Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat.

iii. 16 per cent from Assam. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state.

x. Name the natural gas fields of India.

Ans. Natural gas is found in:

i. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.

ii. Mumbai High and the Gulf of Cambay.

iii. Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas.