TRY THIS TOPOSHEET AND SEND THE ANSWERS

Click on this toposheet for the larger picture

Study the Survey of India Map Sheet No. 45D/10 (Es 15-23, Ns 15-25) and answer the following questions:

a) What is the meaning of the following: [2]

i. PO in grid square 1923

ii. DB in grid square 1615.

ii. Brackish in grid square 1915.

b) Give the six figure grid reference of the following: [2]

i. Dispensary at Sirori.

ii. PO between Wahan and Sirori

c) Differentiate the settlement pattern between grid square 1920 and 1716. [2]

d) State two important sources of irrigation in this region. What do you think is the occupation of

the people in this region? [2]

e) What kind of roads connect [2]

i. Pamera with Gulabganj and

ii. Gulabganj with Sirori

f) Give two man-made features in grid square 1622. [2]

g) Give directions of the following: [2]

i. Settlement Tokra (2221) from Gulabganj (1920)

ii. Spot height 280 (1516) from spot height 278 (1717)

h) Differentiate the drainage pattern between grid square 2118 and grid square 1523. [2]

i) Give two physical features shown in grid square 2116. and two man made features in grid square 1622 [2]

j) State the area in square km of the region enclosed by Eastings 20 and 21, Northings 19 and 23. [2]

toposheet-answers

a) What is the meaning of the following: [2]

i. PO in grid square 1923

PO in grid square 1923 is Post Office

ii. DB in grid square 1615.

DB in grid square 1615 means Dak Bunglow.

ii. Brackish in grid square 1915.

Brackish in grid square 1915 means water us salty and not fit for drinking. In dry regions, due

to extreme heat excessive evaporation occurs leaving high mineral content in the water.

b) Give the six figure grid reference of the following: [2]

i. Dispensary at Sirori.

The six figure grid reference of the Dispensary at Sirori is 201232.

ii. PO between Wahan and Sirori

c) Differentiate the settlement pattern between grid square 1920 and 1716. [2]

The settlement pattern in grid square 1920 is compact and nucleated while the settlement

pattern in grid square 1716 is dispersed and scattered.

d) State two important sources of irrigation in this region. What do you think is the occupation of the people in this region? [2]

The two important sources of irrigation in this region are well and canal.

The main occupation of the people seems to be agriculture due to the presence of wells and

extensive yellow flat lands.

e) What kind of roads connect [2]

i. Pamera with Gulabganj

Pamera is connected with Gulabganj with cart track

ii. Gulabganj with Sirori

Gulabganj is connected with Sirori with metalled road

f) Give two man-made features in grid square 1622. [2]

The two man-made features in grid square 1622 are well, post office and huts.

g) Give directions of the following: [2]

i. Settlement Tokra (2221) from Gulabganj (1920)

The direction of Settlement Tokra (2221) from Gulabganj (1920) is East-north-east.

ii. Spot height 280 (1516) from spot height 278 (1717)

The direction of Spot height 280 (1516) from spot height 278 (1717) is south-west.

h) Differentiate the drainage pattern between grid square 2118 and grid square 1523. [2]

i) Give two physical features shown in grid square 2116. and two man made features in grid square 1622 [2]

The two physical features shown in grid square 2116 are forest, trees and streams.

j) State the area in square km of the region enclosed by Eastings 20 and 21, Northings 19 and 23. [2]

The scale of the map is given, 2cm = 1km.

On the map each grid square measure 2cm.

brhectorsgeoworld: B3 PRACTICE TOPOSHEET -1

brhectorsgeoworld: B3 PRACTICE TOPOSHEET -1

Do you want to learn toposheets online?(Free service)

Hello,

Since many have asked me to explain toposheets thru gtalk. So if u want me to explain or teach the lesson through gtalk, plz mail to brhector21@gmail.com . Add me in your gtalk, so that when i'm online, u can ask questions. Do go through the blog once. I'm online from 6p.m. to 12 p.m and sometimes i'm online even in the morning. You can fix a time beforehand too. take care and enjoy geography.

With love and prayers,

Br Hector

A6-IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS ON TOPOSHEETS

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
DEFINITIONS FROM TOPO MAPS

REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION (RF): It is the ratio between the distances on the map to its corresponding distance on actual ground. The RF on this map is 1:50,000.

2. SCALE : Scale is the ratio between the distance of any two points on the map and the actual distance of the same points on the ground.
The scale of the given map extract is 2 cm: 1 km or 1:50,000.

3. CONTOUR: Contours are imaginary lines drawn on maps, joining all places with the same height above sea level.

4. CONTOUR INTERVAL: The interval between two consecutive contours is called contour interval (*it is a constant 20 mts in your toposheets.)

5. INDEX CONTOUR: Contour lines are thickened at regular intervals to make it easier to read contours. For example at every 100 mts the contour line is made darker. The darker lines are called Index Contours.

6. TRIANGULATED HEIGHT: It is the height of a place which has been calculated using trigonometry, represented by a small triangle e.g. - 540

7. SPOT HEIGHT: The height of random places between contours shown with a dot. Eg - .425

8. BENCH MARK - Height of a place actually marked on a stone pillar, rock or shown on a building as a permanent reference. It is written as BM 200 m.

9. RELATIVE HEIGHT: Relative height is the height of a feature with reference to the height of the surrounding land and NOT to sea level.
It is represented by the height with a small ‘r’ eg –12r.

10. ROCK OUTCROP: It is a portion of rock jutting above the surface of the earth.

11. SHEET ROCK: Large areas of rock where the overlying soil layers have been eroded and removed due to mechanical weathering.

9 STONY WASTE : A large area usually in arid/semi arid regions where the finer sand/soil has blown away leaving a surface covered with boulders, stones and pebbles.

10. BROKEN GROUND: A relief feature found mostly in dry regions around rivers and streams. It is land around river, which is totally
weathered (exfoliated) due to alternate cooling and heating.

11. FIRELINE: A cleared pathway in a forest to prevent the spread of forest fires.

12. MIXED FOREST: A forest with more than two varieties of trees growing in close proximity to each other.

13. OPEN JUNGLE: A forest where trees are widely scattered.

14. DENSE JUNGLE. : A forest where trees grow very close to each other.

15. OPEN SCRUB: Scrub is a vegetation found in regions with less than
100 cms of rainfall. Therefore it indicates a dry region.

16. BRACKISH: It is a well, which has water with very high salt content – generally unfit for drinking purposes.

17. CAUSEWAY: It is a raised road over a small water body. (Usually a road used only in the non rainy months.}

18. CUTTING: A portion of land, which has been cut in order to make land available for transport routes. (it is indicative of a rocky region)

19. EMBANKMENT: They are raised rock or soil filled constructions on which roads/railway tracks are built. Also made near tanks and rivers to prevent flooding.

20. FORM LINES: Form lines are contour lines, but show only approximate heights above sea level as they are used to indicate the elevations of the area which are not accessible for proper survey. Hence they are drawn as broken lines and are called 'form lines'.

21. Q.C. Q.D., OC, OD,PQ, ETC / NATIONAL GRID REFERENCE/: These are alphabetical codes used in the survey map as their subdivisions which  represent the biggest grid sq. of 10,000 square kms.
The Govt of India has adopted metric system for all measurements. All the ordnance survey maps issued by the Survey of India were drawn to the scale 2 cm = 1 km. In this system , the surveyed territory is divided into 100km X 100 km squares, and each square is denoted by English alphabets. for example, OC, OD, PQ, PG, etc . This system of map drawing is known as National Grid Reference.

22. LAYER TINTING: (colouring)
While spot heights show the height of the land, they only do so at certain points. To provide an overall image which conveyed height, a technique called layer tinting was developed. Layer tinting uses different colours (or shades) to represent different heights. It is a mapping convention for darker colours to signify greater height. When using layer tinting, green is often used for low land, yellow for higher land and brown for the highest land.
Layer tinting is most commonly found on physical maps. While layer tinting is useful, it does not show the detailed shape of the land.
23. DEPRESSION: It is a depression often found in sandy areas where the wind, having blown away the sand, leaves a hollow or a depression.
24. HACHURING: Early cartographers attempted to show surface features on maps by using the technique of hachuring. Hachures use short lines of varying thickness to show the shape and slope of the land. In accordance with this technique, the steeper the slope is, the thicker the lines are which represent it. While hachuring was initially innovative for its time, it gradually began to be replaced since the actual height of the land was not depicted.
25. LIME KILN OR BRICK KILN: These are open furnaces where limestone is purified or bricks are baked for construction purpose.
26. HILL SHADING: Hill shading resembles a light and shadow effect. Valleys and the sides of mountains appear as though they are cast in shadow. This is a visually striking method, which is ideal for providing an overall view of the relief of an area. Hill shading, however, does not show height which means that it is no more accurate than hachuring.

28. CUTTING: A cutting is an open vertical cut in high ground so that a road or a railway track can pass through.

29. MOUNDS: Mounds are small hills, just a few metres high. They are usually rounded on the top and covered with green vegetations. Sand hills in the desert and rock outcrops  in stone areas can also be termed as mounds.
 30. SYMBOL OF TELEGRAPH LINE: A telegraph line is indicated by bold and lite dots with the word telegraph or telephone written on it.

UNDERSTAND SOME OF THESE TERMS

27. NATIONAL GRID REFERENCE: The Govt of India has adopted metric system for all measurements. All the ordnance survey maps issued by the Survey of India are drawn to the scale 2 cm = 1 km. In this system , the surveyed terrirory is divided into 100 km  x 100 km squares, and each square is denoted by Enlish letters

LEARN THEM BY HEART - ALL THE BEST !!!

ANSWERS FOR THE TOPOSHEET TEST

double click on the picture and then again click on it

a. What is meant by R. F. ? What is the R.F. of this Sheet?

R.F. means Representative Fraction.It is the ratio between the distances on the map to its corresponding distance on actual ground. The RF on this map is 1:50,000

b. What is a scale? What is the scale in this toposheet?

Scale is the ratio between the distance of any two points on the map and the actual distance of the same points on the ground.

The scale of the given map extract is 2 cm: 1 km or 1:50,000

c. Name the village where contour of 200 meteres crosses Varka Nala.

Odhava village

d. Give the four figure grid reference of the following:

i. settlement Bantawada - 9978

ii. Village Kotda - 8593

iii. The triangulated height of 277 metres - 8998

e. Name the village where contour of 200 metres crosses Varka Nala.

Odhava village

f. In which quarter of the map extract do you expect the lowest area to be? Why?

South-west quarter of the map is the lowest area because both rivers flow towards the south-west and spot heights are also decreasing in that direction.

g. In what two ways does the river bed of Sipu convey that it flows through a region of seasonal rainfall?

Sipu river flows through a region of seasonal rainfall because we can see an exposed broad sandy riverbed and a thin water channel. We can also see several cart tracks and pack tracks going through the river bed.

h. Give the six-figure grid reference of the following.

i. tringualted height 198 in village Jegol - 854905

ii. the confluence of Varka Nala with Sipu river. - 834927

iii. Survey tree near Gnangudra settlement. - 876934

iv. temple in Jkhapura -934767 or 935768 (approx)

i. What are the conventional signs near north east part of the sheet near open mixed jungle.

These are the broken ground.

j. Furnish two evidences to suggest that the village Jigol is rather better off than the other villages.

Village Jigol has many lined wells for irrigation purposes and several cart tracks.

k. Name any two methods by which relief can be shown on the map.

Relief can be shown on the map by contour lines and spot heights.

ATTENTION - SHALL WE REVISE TOPOSHEETS?

HELLO,
As per the requests of many, I'm going to begin revision on 'INTERPRETATION OF TOPOSHEETS'. So , I will begin with a small test on toposheets. I will display a toposheet and few questions on it. You study the map carefully and then answer the questions and mail to me. I will send the answers to all those who mail me. As soon as I get the answers, I will send you the correct anwers. If you really want to do well, then you must prepare for the test. Check the blog or your text books and learn all the signs and symbols. And once you begin your test, my suggestion is not to look at the book. You attempt your answers and then send it to me. Once you send me the answers, you can check it out. My email id is: brhector21@gmail.com
When you send me the answers, write your name, class and school so that i dont get confused. Answers will not be displayed on the blog. You can take your own time to send the answers but dont wait too long because more tests will be conducted. All the material that is in the blog will be edited again. More information will be given . If you have any interesting or good material in geography, please do send me so that other students also benefit. You are also requested to send materials on other subjects so that I can share it with other students like.
Be happy.

brhectorsgeoworld: A2 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY MAPS=part 1#links

brhectorsgeoworld: A2 TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY MAPS=part 1#links

A7 INTRODUCTION TO TOPOSHEETS-45D/7 AND 45D/10

PROFILE OF SURVEY MAP 45 D/7DESCRIPTION of the Area covered by Survey Sheet No. 45 D/7 (Gujarat and Rajasthan)
District : Banas Kantha and Sirohi
Location: Latitude 24 degree 15’ – 240 30’ North
Longitude 720 15’ - 720 30’ East

This region lies in western India on the borders of Rajasthan and Gujarat at the southern end of the Aravalli Hills, immediately north-east of Sheet 45 D/10.

RELIEF : The area is mainly a plain except for:
1. The east central region where the hills rise to almost 500 m.,
2. The lower hills of the north-east corner.
The slope of the land is from north-east to south-west in the northern half and east to west in the southern portion of the map. (indicated by flow of rivers)DRAINAGE1. The Banas river (not to be confused with the Banas river which is a tributary of the Chambal river to the north) flows into the swampland area of the Little Rann, north-east of the Gulf of Kutch. On this survey sheet it flows westward. It has two main right bank tributaries – Sarod and Arado Nadis and the numerous smaller streams like the one entering the river near Chekla (8192). The only left bank tributary is the Balaram Nadi from the south-east. The Banas river varies in width from 1/4km to over 1 km and has a narrow perennial water course. The dry portion fills in during the rainy seas.
2. The Sipu Nadi is a tributary of the Banas river (the confluence) lying to the west of the area shown. It flows from north-east to south-west withits two main tributaries –Varka and Mahadeviyao Nadis joining the left bank. Both rise in the hilly region to the east.

In the region there are numerous other streams that join main rivers. They rise in the higher ground adjacent to the rivers and invariably their courses show large tracts of broken ground indicating soft soil easily eroded by water.

SOILS: Map symbols indicate desert conditions, a large part of the plain area being sandy. Soils are soft as shown by excessive erosion causing broken ground near water courses.

CLIM ATE: There are three climatic seasons:
Summer hot and dry March to June
Monsoon hot and wet July to September
Winter cool and dry October to February

Maximum temperatures in summer are extremely high rising to over 470 C, while minimum temperatures in December/Jan often drops to almost 0 degree C. Because of its location in western India, it receives comparatively less rainfall than other parts of the country. The rainfall which is between 50 to 100 cm annually, falls during the monsoon season. High temperatures cause excessive evaporation. This gives rise to scrub and semi-desert vegetation.

NATURAL VEGETATION : Hill areas – dry deciduous forests of small trees
Plains – scrub and throny trees where there is no agriculture.

IRRIGATION: This region is dependent on the periodic rainfall (Monsoon), tanks, wells for
agriculture. There is only one canal in the north-east starting from the reservoir (2222)

OCCUPATIONS: Agriculture, rearing of cattle, sheep, camels and horses.
CROPS: Winter (Rabi) – Wheat, Barley, Cotton
Monsoons (Kharif) – Bajra, Jowar, Maize

COMMUNICATIONS: Except for the main line of the Western Railway and the road that runs across the south-east corner of the map through Chitrasani (8923), there are no other important communications. All other settlements are linked by cart tracks.

SETTLEMENTS: Except for Chitrasani which is a rail/road centre, all the settlements are small and widely scattered chiefly in the lowland area and are either nucleated or dispersed in pattern.

PROFILE OF SURVEY MAP 45 D/10

DESCRIPTION of the Area covered by Survey Sheet No. 45 D/10 (Gujarat and Rajasthan)
District : Banas Kantha and Sirohi
Location: Latitude 24 degree 30’ – 240 45’ North
Longitude 720 30’ - 720 45’ East

This region lies in western India on the borders of Rajasthan and Gujarat at the southern end of the Aravalli Hills, immediately north-east of Sheet 45 D/7.

RELIEF : The sheet is divided into two distinct physical divisions:
1. The Aravalli Hills rising to a height of over 1400 meters and occupying the south-east corner. The ranges are more or less parallel and run in a NE to SW directon.
2. A large plain covers the remaining portion of the sheet. There are frequent outcrops of rocky ground, some of it rising to over 400 m (i.e. 100 m above the surrounding country side.)

DRAINAGE: In the hill area, the drainage is radial. Abu being the highest point of the area is the centre from which the rivers radiate. In the plains, the upper courses of the rivers are dendritic or fan shaped. The main stream Sipu Nadi rises in the hills north of Abu and flows in a south-west direction. It is periodic and seldom exceeds ½ km in width.

TRIBUTARIES: Right bank : Sukli Nadi, Unda Wala, Dior Nadi,
Left bank: Sukli Nadi, unnamed river flowing past Dhavli, Devengan Nadi and Godua Nadi

NOTE:
1. There are three Sukli Nadis in the survey sheet.
2. Because this regions lies close to the desert areas where the soils tend to break up easily, the water courses are numerous and well defined for they are able to cut channels in the soft sandy soils. They are however periodic and rely on the rainy season for the water supply.

CLIM ATE: There are three climatic seasons:
Summer hot and dry March to June
Monsoon hot and wet July to September
Winter cool and dry October to February

Maximum temperatures in summer are extremely high rising to over 470 C, while minimum temperatures in December/Jan often drops to almost 0 degree C. Because of its location in western India, it receives comparatively less rainfall than other parts of the country. The rainfall which is between 50 to 100 cm annually, falls during the monsoon season. High temperatures cause excessive evaporation. This gives rise to scrub and semi-desert vegetation.

NATURAL VEGETATION : Hill areas – dry deciduous forests of small trees
Plains – scrub and throny trees where there is no agriculture.
IRRIGATION: This region is dependent on the periodic rainfall (Monsoon), tanks, wells for
agriculture. There is only one canal in the north-east starting from the reservoir (2222)
OCCUPATIONS: Agriculture, rearing of cattle, sheep, camels and horses.
CROPS: Winter (Rabi) – Wheat, Barley, Cotton
Monsoons (Kharif) – Bajra, Jowar, Maize

COMMUNICATIONS: Abu, in the hill area, is linked eastwards by two main roads, which run south-east to Abu Road and north-east to Oriya. In the south of this region the east-west main road links up at Karaunti (0700) with another main road which runs parallel to the foot-hills and connects a number of settlemtns. Many of the smaller settlements are linked by cart tracks.

SETTLEMENTS: Abu is a large hill resort, an administrative and an educational centre. In the plains, there are numerous settlements of much smaller size of which Sirori (2023) is the most important.

B1 TOPOSHEET - EXERCISE 2

Double click on the picture or download it.

Hello,

See the features of this toposheet. Divide the toposheet into 4 quarters. Study the each quarter. For example North west corner (A), North East Corner (B), South West Corner(c) and South East Corner (D). For example what features do you see in the A Corner???First of all, you see river Sipu, a few nucleated settlements, yellow wash, open scrub, little bit of green forest on top of A corner, we can see some spot heights too. Can you see a cart track (red line)? We can also see perennial wells (blue). Did you spot stony waste (8596)? In the same way, go through the B corner and C corner and D corner. Make a mental picture of the toposheet with prominent symbols. After having a quick glance of thetoposheet, read the questions that are asked. You have 15 minutes to read the question paper. First read the other questions and then come to the toposheet which requires more time to read. Keep a pencil ready to mark few features.For the bigger view of the toposheet, click on top of the picture.

• Can you see R.F.? You can see at the bottom right. R.F. is 1:50,000. I have already explained to you how to write R.F. in the earlier lesson.


• can you see the scale? You can see almost near the R.F. The scale is 2cm to 1 km. It means 2cm on the map is equal to the 1km on the ground. Good, i suppose u understood.


• What's the contour interval of the toposheet? Check the contour interval near the scale. Contour interval of this toposheet is 20 metres.(usually it is 20 metres)


• What else can you see? Ok, let's do the direction which i have explained to you earlier. Find out what is the directionof Rajkot lie from Gangudra? First of all, Rajkot is in grid square 8995 and gangudra is in grid square 8793. Imagine you are in Gangudra and you want to go to Rajkot from Gangudra? First of all, you hv to go up which is north and then you have to turn right, which is east direction.Therefore the comapass direction is north-east from Gangudra. Do you follow?


• Where do you find the lowest part in the toposheet? The south west corner is the lowest part in the map. because two rivers flow towards south west whichis an indication of the slope. check the spot heights in the map. they are decreasing towards south west. Identify some spotheights in the map.


• See the settlements on the map: What type of settlement do you find? Ofcourse, nuclear/compact/clustered. If you didnt understand, read the text book on settlements and come back to the blog.


• What kind of rainfal this area gets? check the rivers-we can see broad sandy bed exposed, a thin water channel, (in blue) several cart tracks, and a pack track. This shows that the area gets seasonal rainfall.


• Now let us see the occupation. Study the toposheet closely. I had told you about the occupations. Go through it again. Let us study the occupation of Bhadli (Jhat) - grid square 8596. What do you notice there? click the toposheet and check. its is A CORNER. There is a river, perennial wells (Blue dots), yellow patch(which means agriculture) and stony waste. Can you see them? From this we know that the occupation of the people of that area is cultivation and stone cutting or extraction of limestone. This is indicated by the presence of agricultural land ( in yellow colour), perennial wells and the presence of lime kilns.


• It is a clustered settlement too.


• Can you see the irrigation facilities or source of water? We can see the river which has narrow blue line which means it is perennial even though the river is seasonal. Then we also can see the perennial wells. So two perennial source of water is the River waters and well irrigation.


• Let's study man made features - we can see few temples in the toposheets and permanent huts. I couldn't see any post office. As I have told you, my eyes are not very sharp. In the exam, they will ask one or two man-made features. So the man-made features are temples and permanent huts.


• Now let's study the natural features - We can see rivers, trees, islands in the middle of the river, jungles, mines, pack tracks, cart tracks, lined wells, etc. You can see all these in this map. So, you select any two. The natural feature is river and forest. Sometime they will give a grid square and ask to you to mention one man-made feature and one natural feature. Go and locate that grid square and follow the points that I have told you.


• Let us see the drainage pattern on the map. See the area around the town Gangudra.(Grid square 8793) See the drainage pattern around the area-dont see only in the grid square 8793. Go beyond that. The river or drainage pattern is Rectangular or Trellised. Can you see the shape of the river? Thin lines that join the main river. Read the text book regarding the drainage pattern (if you have not understood) There are three drainage patterns - Dendritic(Tree like or veins of a leaf) Trellis/Rectangle and Radial.


• Let us study the river bed of Sipu- In what two ways does the river bed of Sipu convey that it flows through a region of seasonal rainfall? We did go through that earlier. Study the river. It has a broad sandy riverbed which is exposed. If you dont understand the sandy river bed, go to the text book and looks for the symbos of sandy bed. You will see it in my blog too. It also has a thin water channel in the middle of the river. We also see many cart and pack tracks passing the river. Therefore, the river doesn't have much water in the summer season and so the river dries up. Do you follow me? Since the river is dry, you see the sandy beds and cart and pack tracks passing the river. So the people can cross the river during summer. Therefore it is a seasonal river.(it means the river gets water only in the rainy season).


• What are the conventional sighs near north east part of the toposheet near open mixed jungle? - check corner B - We find broken ground there. So what is broken land? Broken land gives rise to Bad land topography. These are generally found along the banks of a river. Broken ground is caused due to erosion during rain when the river is in flood. It usually heappens in the area where there is no vegetation/plants.


• Some time a question comes on the comparision of two settlements. Now let us study the village Jigol (grid square 8590) and other villages. Jigol is better off than other settlements. It has good transport system in comparision with other villages. We can see many cart tracks leading into the village. Plus it has many lined wells for irrigation purposes.


• In which quarter of the map extract do you find the lowest area to be? Divide the whole toposheet into 4 corners. We have done that in the beginning. Look for the spot heights in the toposheet. if you study the heights, you will find south west qurater of the map are decreasing towards the south west. See also the river flowing. They flow towards the south west. So the south-west corner of the map exatract is the lowest region.


• Hope you know how to find grid squares - 4 figure or 6 figure/digit grid reference. Find four digit grid square is easy but the problem begins when you have to find 6-digit grid reference. When you are asked to locate the 6-digit reference, rememeber these points. First find the square. Ok, let us locate a place using 6-figure grid reference of a temple in the north east of Odhava. Ok, let us see the 4-figure grid reference. It is in the grid square 8992. This is four figure grid reference. now we need 6-figure grid reference. After locating 4-figure grid reference, divide that square into 4 equal parts. First take a ruler and place it on the horizontal line of that grid square(. get the mid point. Then place the ruler on the vertical line and find the mid point and join these mid points. then u get the mid point of easting and northings. then u locate the spot in the grid square and if the spot is beoynd the mid point, then it wil be above 5. You can find the exact 6 figure grid reference by dividing grid squares into 10 blocks. Hold the scale vertical and horizontal on that grid square and join them. Now u get 10 X 10 equal squares. NOw you see where is the spot and give the grid reference.894925

A8 SOME COMMON QUESTIONS ON TOPOSHEETS

If you get these questions, look for these points in the toposheets and can write these answers:

1.Mention ay two features seen in the map extract which indicate the region has seasonal rainfall.Seasonal streams/ Broken ground/open scrub/seasonal tank/cart track motorable in dry season/narrow perennial channel in the dry bed of the river(after looking for these features, select any two features that you find on the topo sheet and write this way)

Ans: Open scrub and seasonal streams are two features in the map that indicate the region has seasonal rainfall.
Rivers, steams and ponds/tanks are dry in nature.
Barren land shown in white colour also indicate tht the region has seasonal rainfall.2.Mention any three features seen in the map extract which attract holiday makers.(look for various tourist destinations like temple, water falls, lakes, park, sunset points, etc and then write answers)

3. Which is the chief form of irrigation shown in the map extract? Give somE evidences to justify your answer.(look for perennial wells first, then the rivers, lakes, tanks, etc and give answer. For example, if you find the presence of many blue circles in the map, then you can write your answer this way.)
Ans: The chief form of irrigation is perennial well-irrigation. Presence of blue circles scattered all over the map .

4. Give one reason to explain why the steams in grid square ......... do not join a river. (look for sandy soil , rainfall, etc)Ans; Reasons for streams not meeting the main river due to:-
* presence of sandy soil which is porous
* poor rainfall
* high rate of evaporation. (any two )
5. State two reasons for the absence of human habitation in some region of the map extract.( check for any features that is not suitable for human habitation – like dense forest, open shrubs, steep hills, deserts, lack of roads, etc)Ans: The region is densely forested, many streams with very steep hills. Expensive to build roads.

6. What is the small white patch in the river?Ans: Barren island

7. What will be the main occupation of the people be in i. highlands ii. Lowlands?i. highlands – collection of forest products
ii. Lowlands - agriculture

8. Why are there no metalled roads in the mapped area?( reasons may be many- look for dense jungles, or barren land, steep hills, or many streams – and then answer according to the features,)Ans: The area has dense jungles, steep hills and no important settlement- steams and barren land discourage the building of metalled roads.

9. Give evidence to prove poor rainfall in the region.
(look for features like sand dunes disappearing steams, scrub vegetation, broken grounds, etc. If you find these features, then you write the answer this way)Ans. The region has poor rainfall due to the
•Presence of sand dunes
•Presence of undefined and disappearing streams
•Presence of scrub vegetation
•Presence of broken grounds
10. Give two reasons for the presence of only footpaths in the green wash.The reasons for the presence of foot-paths are:* seep and rugged terrain makes construction of roads difficult.
* temples are the only destinations in the forested mountain region and hence foot-paths are created by the pilgrims.
* footpaths may be created by people who depend on forest produce.

11. Why do so many contour lines so close together in the extract indicate about the topography?(look for steep hills, or a temple in the jungle and if u find these.................)Ans: Very steep (indicated by close contours) and hilly (indicated by many contours) land.


12. How can we draw a climatic inference from a toposheet?

(there may be a question - what type of climate do you find in the particular area - look for these features and then write the answers accordingly -First of all, we should try to know which area of the toposheet belongs to. This gives us a faint idea about the part of the country and the type of climate prevailing there. Further, scanty amount of rainfall can be judged by seeing dry rivers, dry tanks, sand dunes and scrubs and scanty vegetation. Similarly dense forests indicate tropical monsoon climate.)

(If you find dry rivers, or dry tanks or sannd dunes, scrubs, scanty vegetation, then your answer will be)

The area experiences scanty rainfall or poor rainfall with dry weather.

(if you find dense forests, then your answer will be)

The area experinces Tropical Monsoon climate.

Questions on occupation

13. What is the occupation of the people of a particular region from an extract of the survey map or toposheet?

(When you get a question on the occupation of the people , look for these features. Directly from a toposheet, we cannot know about the occupation of the residents. We can amplify the occupation by inferences provided on the toposheet. Therefore one must know the colours and what it indicates. For example, all of you know that yellow colour indicates agricultural land and hence agriculutre can be major occupation. Green colour shows forested or wooded area and this indicates that people follow in lumbering, furniture making, carpentry and bamboo work, etc. Presence of big towns, industrial area, railway station, etc., indicates that people must be employed in urban services. Rest houses in hilly areas show devp of tourism. symbols of mines, may suggest that some people are employed in mining activities. if you find grassy area, then it indicates sheep or cattle rearing. Settlement along roadside indicates devp of trade and commerce. If you locate wells, tanks, canals, etc., show the cultivation of cash or cereal crops. parks, lawns, historical monuments indicate occupations like tourism, recreation, cultural devp, etc. So, my dear students, when you get a question on the occupation of the people, look for these features and write the answer accordingly. for example if you find grassy area or open shrubs, then the occupation will be sheep and cattle rearing. I hope you got me. )

14. What occupations do the people follow in Highland areas?
Ans: High land regions with steep slopes have the following features:

• most of the slopes are unsuitable for agriculture. Pastures on the slopes may be fit for grazing.
• forestry may be a predominant economic activity in this region.
• flat area over plateaus may be used for cultivation.

15. How can you judge the suitablity of land for agriculture from toposheets? give a good reason.

• a meandering river on the toposheet will indicate a lower or nil gradient. Thus, such a plain area would be suitable for cultivation.
• Dendritic or tree-like drainage pattern would confirm soft surface suitable for agriculture whereas trellised drainage pattern suggests chalk country, which is not much suited for cultivation.
• Sand features, e.g. barkhans and disappearing streams would indicate the dry conditions with the high temperature. These conditions are unsuitable for agriculture.
• presence of broken ground would confirm seasonal flooding. Silt deposition by rivers is a good sign for agriculture.
• network of canals, dams, tanks and tubewells will indicate intensive use of land for agriculture.
• so look for these features on the toposheet and write accordingly.

For example, which are the main occupations of the people in this area? give reasons in support of your answer.

( if you see yellow wash, perennial wells, green colour,kilns on the toposheet, your answer will be like this.)

Ans: Farming and forestry seem to be the two occupations in this area because a large part of the map has yellow wash which symbolizes cultivated area. A large number of perennial wells present in the area also support this inference. Some part of the map shows presence of open jungles.......(mention, south, or north, west or east) which is indicated by green colour which suggests forestry as an important occupation there. presence of kilns shows that lime and brick making is also an occupation of some people.

POINTS TO REMEMBER REGARDING OCCUPATIONS:

• If you find KILN , then the occupation will be drying and baking bricks, pottery, limestone, etc. So you write the answer this way: The occupation is drying and baking bricks, pottery, etc due to the presence of Kiln in the area.
• if you find STONE QUARRY, then the occupation is quarring.
• If you find irrigation from wells, canals or tanks, farming is the occupation.
• if you find yellow wash, agriculture is the occupation of the area.
• if you dont find any source of irrigation, it means farming is likely to be dependent on rainfall only.
• mining is the occupation if you find settlements near mines or quarries.
• if you find settlements along the banks of the river, then fishing is an occupation of that area.
• if settlement is near the forest(green colour), then the people are dependent on forest products like fruits, nuts, or leaves. there may be primitive agriculture. so when you write the answer, write this way: people are dependent on forest produce or foresty and may practice primitive agriculture.
• if you find large settlements, esp near the metalled roads, the occupation can also be industries, trade, services.
• in case they are headquarters of districts, taluqs, employment can also be in administrative sector because of the presence of large number of offices and organisations.

so please go through the toposheet properly since one question will be definite on occupation.


16. What is the brown line in grid square ............. called? What does the figure written along this line indicate?
(if it is a brown line , then it is a contour. Second part of the question - imagine you see figure 280 m ... then it means 280 m above sea level.)
Ans: The brown line that we find in grid square is Contour line. The line 280 m joins places 280 m above sea-level on the map.

17. What are the brown lines seen in such abundance? What do they indicate?
(same answer as question 16)
ans: They are contour lines. They indicate lines joining places having the same height above sea-level. Closeness of the contours indicates mountainous topography.

17a. What is a causeway? Why are there so many causeways in the map?
Ans: Causeways are land raised across streams for use as metalled road or paths. The numerous streams crossing the metalled road are likely to flood them.

18. Explain the term Depression in the map.

Ans: Depression is a shallow lowland in a sandy region often created by deflation of wind.

19. Name the geographical feature represented by white patches in the middle of the river.

Ans: The geographical feature in the middle of the river represented by white patches is an island or rocks or stores.

20. What do the following represent in the map? i. Black broken lines ii. Black curved lines.

i. Black broken lines indicate disappearing stream and

ii.  black curved lines indicate broken ground.

21. Name 4 methods by which relief is shown on the map.* Contour lines * Layer Colouring/tinting * Spot height * Hill shading.

22. What is layer-tinting/colouring?
It is a method, where a colour scheme is used to show relief on the map.

23. What is cartography?
Cartography is an art and science of drawing maps, diagrams and charts.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:


RELATIVE HEIGHT OR APPROXIMATE HEIGHT: REMEMBER:-This height is not taken from the sea level but with respect to the surrounding area. It may be height of a dam, bridge, sand dune, or it can be depth of a well, tank, hill, or river canal, for example 2r, 3r, 5r, 6r, etc.

Example:
●3r the relative depth of the perennial lined well is 3 metres.(if 3r is written near the symbol of perennial well. don't write height but the depth)

5r the relative height of dry tank is 5 metres ( if 5r is written near the dry tank symbol)

16r the relative height of sand dune is 16 metres. (if 16r is written near the symbol of sand dunes)

8r the relative height of river bank is 8 metres (if 8r is written near the river bank)

PLEASE NOTE: you must write the word RELATIVE HEIGHT/DEPTH of .................................

COLOURS:

7 COLOURS are used on toposheets:

i. BLACK: Names, lines of latitudes and longitudes, broken grounds, river banks, dry rivers, surveyed trees, heights and their numbering, railway mines, telephone, telepgraph lines

ii. RED: Grid lines (eastings and northings) , their numbering, roads, cart tracks, settlements, huts and other buildings.

iii. GREEN: Forested and wooded areas, scrubs, scattered trees, orchards

iv. BLUE: Water bodies containing water like wells, rivers, etc

v. YELLOW: cultivated areas

vi. BROWN: Contour lines, their numbering, form lines, all sand features like sand dunes, sand hills, stony waste

vii. WHITE PATCHES: uncultivated and barren lands

DIRECTIONS

Directions are important for physical as well as urban features. the physical features involve the directions of rivers, streams, and the urban cities from one another.

When a question is asked regarding the banks of the river or direction of the river, the following steps should be observed.

• first of all, look at the spot heights to determine the slope of the land. As you know, spot heighs are marked this way ●265 ●289


• see which spot heights are higher and where it is lower, and then you will know which way or direction it slopes. the slope of the land may be from north east to south west. and if you see a river , then it flows from north-east to south-west.


• to know on which side or bank of the river a place is situated (a place may be a temple, settlement, town, etc)one has to locate the source of the river. Having located the direction of the river, imagine yourself standing at the source of the river f acing the main river. to your right is right bank and to your left is left bank. SO SIMPLE, BOSS!!!

when a question is asked on directions with reference to urban cites/settlements, remember these points.

• some times the questions are asked on the direction of a city or settlement with a reference to the other. First of all, pay attention to the words 'FROM' a place and 'TO' a place. Imagine yourself standing on the 'FROM' PLACE and look at the TO PLACE. Use the direction arrow and write the direction.

FEW IMPORTANT TERMS:

A. Layer Tinting: Layer tinting is a method of showing relief by color. A different color is used for each band of elevation. Each shade of color, or band, represents a definite elevation range. A legend is printed on the map margin to indicate the elevation range represented by each color. However, this method does not allow the map user to determine the exact elevation of a specific point—only the range.

b. Form Lines. Form lines are not measured from any datum plane. Form lines have no standard elevation and give only a general idea of relief. Form lines are represented on a map as dashed lines and are never labeled with representative elevations.

c. Shaded Relief. Relief shading indicates relief by a shadow effect achieved by tone and color that results in the darkening of one side of terrain features, such as hills and ridges. The darker the shading, the steeper the slope. Shaded relief is sometimes used in conjunction with contour lines to emphasize these features.

d. Hachures. Hachures are short, broken lines used to show relief. Hachures are sometimes used with contour lines. They do not represent exact elevations, but are mainly used to show large, rocky outcrop areas. Hachures are used extensively on small-scale maps to show mountain ranges, plateaus, and mountain peaks.

e. Contour Lines. Contour lines are the most common method of showing relief and elevation on a standard topographic map. A contour line represents an imaginary line on the ground, above or below sea level. All points on the contour line are at the same elevation. The elevation represented by contour lines is the vertical distance above or below sea level.

(1) Index. Starting at zero elevation or mean sea level, every fifth contour line is a heavier line. These are known as index contour lines. Normally, each index contour line is numbered at some point. This number is the elevation of that line.
(2) Intermediate. The contour lines falling between the index contour lines are called intermediate contour lines. These lines are finer and do not have their elevations given. There are normally four intermediate contour lines between index contour lines.
(3) Supplementary. These contour lines resemble dashes. They show changes in elevation of at least one-half the contour interval. These lines are normally found where there is very little change in elevation, such as on fairly level terrain.

A9-more explanation on toposheet - STUDY THE MAP

Observe this map. For larger picture, double click on the image.
or try to download the picture to get closer look of the map. You can zoom in.

10B3 TOPOSHEET - EXERCISE 1

click on the toposheet to get larger picture

Study the Sheet No. 45D/10 (Eastings 16-25, Northings 18-27) and answer the following questions:-
a) Red parallel lines link north to south. What does it stand for? It is also seen crossing a canal in themiddle part. What is the feature shown at the crossing point? (2)
b) Explain the following terms in the grid square 2025: (2)
i) DB ii) ● 302
c) Give the four figure grid reference of the following. (2)
i) Moti Talao south of the sheet ii) Stony Waste in the north west iii) PO
iv) Village in Burai Khera
d) What type of river Sipu Nadi is? How is the settlement Gulabanj protected from seasonal floods of this river? (2)
e) Give the direction of the following: (2)
i) Sukli Nadi from Sipu Nadi ii) Gulabanj from Pamera Village (1822)
f) Calculate the length of the road in the map extract from north to south. Mention the end points of the road so calculated. (2)
g) What does fire line in grid square 2519 mean? Give essential references. (2)
h) Describe the land use pattern in the whole area of the map extract. (2)
i) What is the main occupations of the people? (2)
j) Refer to the grid square 1827. Describe two natural forces shown in the area. (2)

B2-TOPOSHEET EXPLAINED

DOUBLE CLICK ON THE PICTURE FOR THE ENLARGEMENT